Module 2

Question 1

Deductive argument

Answer 1

Premises intended to prove the conclusion and so the conclusion follows with CERTAINTY; uses lowercase letters for formulas and has Translation Key

Question 2

Inductive argument

Answer 2

Premises are intended to provide some strong or weak EVIDENCE so the conclusion follows with some UNCERTAINTY; uses uppercase letters for formulas

Question 3

Valid v invalid

Answer 3

For deductive arguments; all true premises/true conclusuon & all false premises/ false conclusion = valid; any in between is invalid

Question 4

Strong v weak

Answer 4

Used for inductive arguments; highly probable v less probable;

Question 5

Arguments by example

Answer 5

Inductive argument; uses generalizations; more premises usually ending with n clause- make sure to add in probability in conclusions to avoid fallacy

Question 6

Arguments by analogy

Answer 6

Inductive argument; conclusion drawn from 2 things alike in some respects; Pn+1; more similar properties the better; add probability to conclusion; make it really simple

Question 7

Arguments from authority

Answer 7

Inductive argument; statement made by an authority figure in support of a conclusion; cites its sources; add probability in conclusion; make authority figure a real authority figure

Question 8

Argument about Causes

Answer 8

Inductive argument; uses correlations (mutual undefined relationships); add probability to conclusion; correlation> explain cause> authority> show most likely cause

Question 9

Modus ponens

Answer 9

Deductive reasoning; substitution instances straight up; if p then q> p> thus q

Question 10

Modus tollens

Answer 10

Deductive argument; NOT modus ponens; if p then q> not p> thus not q

Question 11

Hypothetical syllogism

Answer 11

Deductive argument;
1) If p, then q.
2) If q, then r.
————————–
3) Thus, If p, then r.

Question 12

Disjunctive syllogism

Answer 12

Deductive argument;
1) p or q.
2) Not p.
—————
3) Thus, q.

Question 13

Cogent

Answer 13

Believability