Module 2 Flashcards
secondary survey
1. history - SAMPLE
2. vital signs
3. head to toe
4. first aid for non life-threatening injuries/illness
Perform a secondary survey when:
medical aid is delayed
need to transport a casualty
unsure if medical help is required.
Perform a secondary survey when:
SAMPLE
Symtoms - nausia? what do they feel?
allergy - what allergy? especially to what med?
Medication - currently taking?
Past medical history - have been treated for a illness or injury recently? chronic condition?
Last oral intake - eat and drink last and how much
Events - leading to the incident. what happened to the recent past?
a: history of the casualty
b: assess vital signs
b: assess vital signs
secondary survey
- level of consciousness - eye opening, verbal & motor response?
- breathing - rate per minute, rythem, depth. number of breath in 30 seconds
- pulse - rate per minute, rythem, strength. number of beats in 30 seconds
- skin condition and temperature - moist or dry? cold or hot? colour?
c: head to toe examnination
head - neck - both collar bone -
shoulder and arms - hands - finger -
ask to take deep breath to exam chest
abdomen -
pelvis and buttocks -
legs, ankles and feet
Pre-Flight Checks
First Aid Kit
- Accessible
- secured in brackets
- sealed with a green or yellow seal.
After Use:
- seal first aid kit with yellow seal found in the kit
- Make an entry in the cabin defect log and specify the location.
First Aid Kit Components:
- Variety of bandages and dressings - including burn dressings
- gloves
- scissors
- splints
- rescue breathers
- universal Precaustions Kit
- yellow seals and forms
Universal Precautions Kit
FAM 6.1.3.3
- P.A.W.S skin wipes - bacteria, virus and fungus
- sanizide plus - germicidal disinfectant for surfaces
- Red-Z (turn liquid to gel)
- Protective Equipment PPE
- Red bio hazard bag
Medications Kit
found in the flight satchels
no pre-flight checks required by CC
- Acetaminophen
- adhesive bandages
- antiseptic wipes
- benadryl
- gloves
- gravol
- masks
FAM 4.10.4
AMK
Aircraft Medical Kit
FAM 4.10.6
Pre-Flight Checks
* accessible
* locked stowage compartment
* functional, ie expiry date of the kit
* sealed either green or yellow seal.
both incharge and PIC has the key to open AMK
If, after using AMK, the consumable contents fall below minimum requirements, you should seal the kit with ….
a red seal
Croup
6 months to 3 y.o.
FAM. 6.6.31
Vital infection cause inflammation of the airway.
Signs and Symptoms:
* Harsh barking cough
* Noisy Breathing
* Rapid Breathing
———————————
* Calm the baby/toddler
* Have them sit up to reduce the stress on the respiratory system
administer O2 and seek medical attention if :
* Continuous difficulty in breathing
* baby/toddler unable to swallow
* blue lips toenails or fingernails
* sternum is pulling in when s/he takes a breath.
Degrees of airway obstruction:
Good Air Exchange
FAM 6.6.5.2
monitor closely!
Severe obstruction
- infant cannot cough forcefully or cry.
- call for medical help and begin first aid for choking.
- no air exchange
coughing, breathing and cry impossible
* call for medical help
* begin first aid for choking
Death on board
Only a licensed physician can pronouce death
obtain physician’ name, address and phone number of the physician making the delaration
- CC must communicate promptly with the flight crew to ensure that the appropriate authorities are contacted as any death, apparent death, or person with suspected communicable illness on board must be reported.
- Canada or USA: Canadian or US quarantine station
- Australia: Australian quarantine and inspection service (AQIS) must be contacted at top of decent or at least 30 mins before arrival
- Do not disembark Pax until authorization is received from the applicable quanrantine authority.
FAM 6.6.33
If a casualty appears to be dead, the in-charge must….
FAM 6.6.33.1
- advise PIC the pax appears to be dead (cold, no breathing, no pulse or any other obvious sign)
- determine location (seat number)
- attempt to obtain assistance of on board physician and contact medlink
- Complete Telemedicine checklist
- Note time when the apparent death was reported
- Keep the family informed of your next steps and get consent before touching the apparent casualty.
- Use UPK and all pPE available when handling the casualty avoid any contact with blood or body fluid
- relocate pax seated next to the apprent casaulty (if possible)
- make sure the casualty’s seat belt is fastened and seat is reclined to prevent him/her from falling forward. seat may remain in the reclined position for landing
- cover the casualty with a blanket up to the neck, and surround him/her by pillows for padding
- cover the pax eyes with eye shades
- if willing, have the family sit with the pax.
Head/spinal injury
Should always suspect a head/spinal injury when a casualty has:
- Fallen from height
- received a blow to the head, spine or pelvis
- bloor or straw-coloured fluid coming from mouth, nose or ears
- been found unconscious and the history is not known
Concussion
- partial or complete loss of consciousness
- shallow breathing, nausea or vomiting
- possible loss of memory
- severe headache
compression
- excess pressure on the brain
- loss or decreasing consciousness
- pupils unequal or unresponsive
- nausea and vomiting
Head Injury
-
Skull Fracture
- direct or indirect force
- deformities, swollen, bruised or bleeding
- staw-colour fluid or blood
- blackening or buising around eyes and ears
- nausea, vomiting, confusion
- change of level of consicousness, breathing and pulse
- irregular pupils
- wounds in the mouth
- paralysis in arms and legs
- convulsions & shock
Bump on the head
- usually harmless but take seriously
- begin ESM and provide First Aid
- Ice pack 15on 15 off
Allergic reactions
* ingesting
* inhaling
* abosorption
- Sneezing, coughing, irritated eyes
- red itchy bumps or hives
- swelling and or labored breathing
- weak/ rapid pulse, vomiting, diarrhea
- skin pale or bluish
- change in level of consciousness
severe allergic reactions
severe life-threatening type of shock
(anaphylactic shock)
First Aid for Allergic reaction
- page for a medical doctor
- advise flight crew
- contact medlink
- assist to get the casualty’s medication (follow their instruction to find medication)
- Offer Benadryl
Signs and symtpms
Asthma
- Shortness of breath with obvious trouble breathing
- coughing or wheezing
- fast and shallow breathing
- tightness in the chest
- casualty sitting upright trying to breathe
- bluish colour in the face
- fast pulse rate
- anxiety, restlessness, then fatigue
- shock
First Aid for Asthma
- Administer oxygen
- nothing to drink during asthma attach
- calm and reassure
Asthma
Assisting with inhaler
- casualty must ask for assistance and indicate clearly which medication is to be used
- Ask for a nod as answer to your questions (save the casualty from speaking)
- Have a witness
- Ask if the inhaler needs to be shaken and assist if needed
- Remove the cap and hand the inhaler to the casualty for him/her to use.
- if assisting with inhalers is not possible, monitor breathing closely
- provide ongoing care until medical help takes over
its not unusual for an asthmatic to take 5-10 puffs
Safety measures for
Poisoning
- 5 rights of medication
- safely secure medication/poison away from children
- cook and store food properly
- label poisonous product
Swallowed
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, discolouration or burns at the lips/ mouth, odour
Poison
Inhaled
- coughing, difficulty breathing, stains around nose and mouth, dizziness
poison
absorbed
reddening of skin, swelling, blisters and burns
Poison
Injected
puncture wounds, irritation at the point of entry
Poisoning
Ask:
- what poison was taken?
- how much and by what method?
- when was it taken?
Poison
Do:
- follow steps of EMS
- Request medical Help
- Monitor breathing
Poison
Unless instructed to do so by a qualified medical professional:
- Do not give fluids to the casualty, including milk
- Never induce vomiting
First Aid
First Aid
Poison swallowed
- Do not dilute
- Wipe residue from face
- do not induce vomiting
First Aid
poison inhaled
- assess hazards
- move casualty to fresh air
- monitor breathing
- prepare for convulsions
First Aid
poison absorbed
- ensure safety: don gloves
- Brush off with dry cloth
- Flush with cool water
- Remove clothing and wash affected area
First Aid
poison injected
- keep casualty at rest
- keep wound below heart
- monitor breathing
Signs and symptoms
Miscarriage
- loss of fetus before 20th week
- vaginal bleeding
- signs of shock
- pains in lower abdomen and back
- passage of tissue
FAM: 6.6.15.3
Miscarriage
shock caused by severe bleeding. casualty may be very distressed and go into shock.
first aid
miscarriage
treat for shock
- place woman in shock position or on her left side
- ensure her privacy
- reassure the casualty and offer emotional support “we are here to help you”
- Keep evidence of tissue and blood loss ( bloody sheets, clothing, etc) using UPK.
- hand evidence to casualty so she may provide it to medical doctor
Emergency Childbirth
1st stage: early labour, contractions, water breaks
2nd stage: birth of baby
3rd stage: dilivery of placenta
Emergency Childbirth
Required Materials:
- Gloves
- clean towels, soap, water
- dressings
- material for cutting cord
- container for placenta
Emergency Childbirth
Prepare the mother
- privacy and assistance
- reassure
- position of comfort (help mom find most comfortable position, usually on the left)
- folded towel under right help
Emergency Childbirth
step 1
- encourage mom to push with contraction (with fast and shallow breath)
- check location of umilical cord (might need to unwrap around baby’s neck)
- support baby during birth
- clear baby’s airway by holding baby head lower than body
Emergency Childbirth
step 2
- Pat dry with a towel
- do not remove slippery coating
- wrap baby in towel or blanket
- umbilical cord pulsating: keep baby at level with vagina, do not cut the cord
- Umbilical cord not pulsating: place on side in mothers arms, head low
Emergency Childbirth
step 3
- if severe bleeding: tie umilical cord and keep baby level
- Use clamps in AMK, clean tape or heavy string. Clamp (or tie) cord in 2 places, 7 cm apart
- Cut cord and check for bleeding - do not cord if still pulsing
- Cut with sterile scissors or knife
- do not cut if pulse in cord
Emergency Childbirth
step 4
- Deliver placenta ( approx. 20 mins after)
- gently massage abdomen
- bleeding is normal
- encourage nursing
FAM 6.6.15.1
Emergency Childbirth
step 5
- examine skin and apply pressure with sterile dressings to tears
- ongoing casualty care - keep warm and comfortable
- transport to medical facility
