Module 2

Question 1

Descriptive Change Models

Answer 1

A category of change models used for trying to understand what is going on in an organization and if the organization is ready for change
(Lewin’s model of change, 7-S framework)

Question 2

Lewin’s Model of Change

Answer 2

A descriptive change model based on three steps:
1. Unfreezing
2. Changing
3. Refreezing

Question 3

Unfreezing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)

Answer 3

People in the organization are made aware of problems/performance gap and need for change. This is the diagnosis stage

Question 4

Changing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)

Answer 4

People experiment with new workplace behavior to deal with needed change. Intervention stage with specific training for managers/employees

Question 5

Refreezing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)

Answer 5

People employ new skills and attitudes and are rewarded by the organization. Changes are institutionalized in the corporate culture

Question 6

Reactive Change

Answer 6

A type of change triggered by external factors

Question 7

Contingency Planning

Answer 7

Planning for the response to situations that may occur such as emergencies or setbacks

Question 8

Crisis Change

Answer 8

A type of change triggered by a crisis

Question 9

Revolutionary Change

Answer 9

A type of change that challenges the established order in fundamental ways

Question 10

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Answer 10

A model developed by Everett Rogers that seeks to analyze why and how innovations gain popularity. Five stages:
1. Knowledge
2. Persuasion
3. Decision
4. Implementation
5. Confirmation

Question 11

Prescriptive Change Models

Answer 11

A category of change models used for developing a step-by-step process for change. Provide a cookbook for change.
(CISCO, General Electric, Kotter’s 8 Steps, ADKAR)

Question 12

Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Model

Answer 12

A model that looks at the impact on organizations and industries of disruptive technological innovation

Question 13

Kotter’s Process for Change

Answer 13

A change model that begins with establishing urgency and that emphasized communication and coalition-building

Question 14

The 8 Steps of Kotter’s Process for Change

Answer 14

1. Establish a sense of urgency
2. Form a guiding coalition
3. Create a vision
4. Communicate the vision
5. Empower others to act on the vision
6. Coach change leaders
7. Plan for and create short-term wins
8. Consolidate gains

Question 15

Trigger Event

Answer 15

An occurrence that itself results in the risk event happening

Question 16

Schema

Answer 16

An organized pattern of thought or behavior

Question 17

ADKAR Model for Change

Answer 17

Acronym for:
Awareness: Why change is needed
Desire: Willingness to support and participate
Knowledge: How to make the change
Ability: Capability and competence
Reinforcement: Sustaining the change

Question 18

Cisco Change Model

Answer 18

Used for managing technological change (change roadmap):
1. Prepare
2. Implement
3. Manage

Question 19

General Electric’s Change Acceleration Process (CAP)

Answer 19

Change Effectiveness Equation
Q x A = E
E - Effectiveness of a change intiative
Q - Quality of strategy
A - Acceptance of strategy

Question 20

7-S Framework

Answer 20

The following can help determine how well-positioned a company is to accept change in its current or future state as well as the best way to go about change:
1. Structure
2. Strategy
3. Systems
4. Skills
5. Style
6. Staff
7. Shared Values