Module 2 Flashcards
Descriptive Change Models
A category of change models used for trying to understand what is going on in an organization and if the organization is ready for change
(Lewin’s model of change, 7-S framework)
Lewin’s Model of Change
A descriptive change model based on three steps:
1. Unfreezing
2. Changing
3. Refreezing
Unfreezing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)
People in the organization are made aware of problems/performance gap and need for change. This is the diagnosis stage
Changing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)
People experiment with new workplace behavior to deal with needed change. Intervention stage with specific training for managers/employees
Refreezing Stage (Lewin’s Change Model)
People employ new skills and attitudes and are rewarded by the organization. Changes are institutionalized in the corporate culture
Reactive Change
A type of change triggered by external factors
Contingency Planning
Planning for the response to situations that may occur such as emergencies or setbacks
Crisis Change
A type of change triggered by a crisis
Revolutionary Change
A type of change that challenges the established order in fundamental ways
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
A model developed by Everett Rogers that seeks to analyze why and how innovations gain popularity. Five stages:
1. Knowledge
2. Persuasion
3. Decision
4. Implementation
5. Confirmation
Prescriptive Change Models
A category of change models used for developing a step-by-step process for change. Provide a cookbook for change.
(CISCO, General Electric, Kotter’s 8 Steps, ADKAR)
Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Model
A model that looks at the impact on organizations and industries of disruptive technological innovation
Kotter’s Process for Change
A change model that begins with establishing urgency and that emphasized communication and coalition-building
The 8 Steps of Kotter’s Process for Change
- Establish a sense of urgency
- Form a guiding coalition
- Create a vision
- Communicate the vision
- Empower others to act on the vision
- Coach change leaders
- Plan for and create short-term wins
- Consolidate gains
Trigger Event
An occurrence that itself results in the risk event happening
Schema
An organized pattern of thought or behavior
ADKAR Model for Change
Acronym for:
Awareness: Why change is needed
Desire: Willingness to support and participate
Knowledge: How to make the change
Ability: Capability and competence
Reinforcement: Sustaining the change
Cisco Change Model
Used for managing technological change (change roadmap):
1. Prepare
2. Implement
3. Manage
General Electric’s Change Acceleration Process (CAP)
Change Effectiveness Equation
Q x A = E
E - Effectiveness of a change intiative
Q - Quality of strategy
A - Acceptance of strategy
7-S Framework
The following can help determine how well-positioned a company is to accept change in its current or future state as well as the best way to go about change:
1. Structure
2. Strategy
3. Systems
4. Skills
5. Style
6. Staff
7. Shared Values
