MODULE 2 Flashcards
1
Q
provides skeletal support, gives the phylum its name, and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates
A
NOTOCHORD
2
Q
develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine.
A
DORSAL NERVE CORD
3
Q
are openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in bony fish and into the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals
A
PHARYNGEAL SLITS
4
Q
is a skeletal extension of the posterior end of the body
A
POST-ANAL TAIL
5
Q
being absent in humans and apes, although present during embryonic development
A
POST-ANAL TAIL
6
Q
a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the
lowest chordates; a primitive spine
A
NOTOCHORD
7
Q
a dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate
A
NERVE CORD
8
Q
filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets
and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments
A
PHARYNGEAL SLITS
9
Q
Animals in the phylum Chordata share four
key features:
A
notochord,
dorsal hollow nerve cord,
pharyngeal slits,
postanal tail.
10
Q
In some chordates, the notochord acts as
the ________________________of the body throughout the animal’s lifetime
A
primary axial support
11
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: THE NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT IN THE EMBRYONIC STAGE AND IS BEING REPLACED BY VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN ADULT PHASE OF SOME VERTEBRATES.
A
TRUE
12
Q
The dorsal hollow nerve cord derives from
_________________ that rolls into a hollow tube during development
A
ectoderm
13
Q
The nerve cord found in most chordate embryos develops into the ______________________ , which comprise the central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
14
Q
In organisms that live in ____________________, pharyngeal slits
allow for the exit of water that enters the
mouth during feeding
A
aquatic environments
15
Q
Some_________________________ use the pharyngeal slits to filter food out of the water that enters the mouth.
A
invertebrate chordates
16
Q
the pharyngeal slits develop into gill arches,
the bony or cartilaginous gill supports
A
vertebrate fishes
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds, pharyngeal slits are present in adult stage.
.
A
FALSE, ONLY IN EMBRYONIC STAGE
18
Q
in most terrestrial animals, pharyngeal slits develop into ____________________
A
the jaw and
inner ear bones
19
Q
In some terrestrial
vertebrates, the ________________ also helps with balance, courting, and signaling when danger is near.
A
post-anal tail
20
Q
In humans and other apes, the postanal tail is present during embryonic
development, but is __________________ as an adult
A
VESTIGIAL
21
Q
Chordata contains two subphylums of
invertebrates:
A
Urochordata (tunicates)
Cephalochordata (lancelets)
22
Q
Urochordata (tunicates) and
Cephalochordata (lancelets) are
invertebrates because __________________________________
A
they lack a backone.
23
Q
posses all four structures that classify
chordates, but adult tunicates retain
only pharyngeal slits
A
LARVAL TUNICATES
24
Q
are marine organisms that possess all
features of chordates
A
Lancelets (Cephalochordata)
25
TRUE OR FALSE: Lancelets swim for a few days after hatching, then attach to a marine surface and undergo metamorphosis into the sessile adult form.
FALSE; LARVAL TUNICATES
26
permanently attached to a
substrate; not free to move about; “an
attached oyster.
SESSILE
27
TRUE OR FALSE: Unlike vertebrates, urochordates and cephalochordates never develop a bony backbone.
TRUE
28
derives from the cellulose-like carbohydrate material, called the tunic, which covers their outer body
TUNICATES
29
TRUE OR FALSE: Only the larval tunicates possess all the characteristics of a chordate, but adults only maintain pharyngeal gill slit
TRUE
30
TRUE OR FALSE: Most tunicates are hermaphrodites.
TRUE
31
TRUE OR FALSE: Most tunicates live a sessile existence on the ocean floor and are suspension feeders
TRUE
32
Seawater enters the tunicate’s body
through its ________________________.
INCURRENT SIPHON
33
Suspended material is filtered out of this water by a mucous net (_______________________________)and is passed into the intestine via the action of cilia
PHARYNGEAL SLITS
34
The anus empties into the ___________________, which expels wastes and water.
EXCURRENT SIPHON
35
TRUE OR FALSE: Members of Cephalochordata possess a
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord,
pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the
adult stage.
TRUE
36
TRUE OR FALSE: CEPHALOCHODATES DO NOT POSSESS TRUE BRAIN.
TRUE; the notochord extends into the head, which gives the subphylum its name “cephalo”
37
the oldest known cephalochordate
Pikaia
38
Extant members of Cephalochordata are
the _______________, named for their blade-like shape
lancelets
39
The filtered water then collects in
the atrium and exits through the ________________
atriopore
40
TRUE OR FALSE: Vertebrates evolved from craniates, which evolved from invertebrate chordates
TRUE
41
The clade ____________________ includes animals that have a cranium: a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure that surrounds the brain, jaw, and facial bones.
CRANIATA
42
Members of Craniata include
HAGFISH(MYXINI) AND VERTEBRATES
43
: the part of the skull enclosing
the brain, the braincase
CRANIUM
44
the study of the complete
genome of an organism
GENOMICS
45
the relatively rapid appearance (over a period of many millions of years), around 530 million years ago, of most major animal phyla as demonstrated in the fossil record
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
46
are characterized by the presence of a
cranium, mandible, and other facial bones
(Dunkleosteus)
47
Vertebrates display the four
characteristic features of chordates, but they are named for the ____________________ composed of a series of bony vertebrae joined together as a backbone.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
48
In the phylum Chordata, the closest relatives of the vertebrates are
INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES ( more closely related to the lancelets (cephalochordates) than to the tunicates (urochordates)
49
the series of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord; the spinal column
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
50
a member of the phylum
Chordata; numerous animals having a
notochord at some stage of their
development; in vertebrates this develops
into the spine
CHORDATE
51
Animals that possess bilateral symmetry can be divided into two groups
PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES
52
“second mouth,”
DEUTEROSTOMES
53
TWO PHYLA OF DEUTEROSTOMES
CHORDATA AND ECHINODERMATA
54
invertebrate marine animals that have
pentaradial symmetry and a spiny body
covering
ECHINORDERMS
55
includes sea stars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumbers
ECHINODERMATA
56
TRUE OR FALSE: All chordates are deuterostomes, possessing a
notochord.
TRUE
57
include the amphibians,
reptiles, mammals, and birds, as well as the
jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks, and
rays.
VERTEBRATES
58
the only members of
Chordata to possess a brain
VERTEBRATES
59
Animals that possess jaws are known as
_________________________________, meaning “jawed mouth.”
GNATHOSTOMES
fishes and tetrapods
(amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
60
Tetrapods can be further divided into two
groups
amphibians and amniotes
61
are animals whose eggs are adapted for
terrestrial living; this group includes
mammals, reptiles, and birds
AMNIOTES
62
describes fish that lack jaws and includes the extant species of hagfish and lampreys
SUPRCLASS AGNATHA
63
earliest jawless fishes were the
___________________________, which had bony scales as body armor
OSTRACODERMS
64
eel-like marine scavengers in the clade Myxini that produce slime and can tie themselves into knots.
HAGFISH
65
are in the clade Petromyzontidae and appear morphologically similar to hagfish, but contain cartilaginous vertebral
elements as an adult; thus, they are
considered true vertebrates.
LAMPREY
66
any of several primitive
eellike creatures, of the family
Myxinidae, having a sucking mouth
with rasping teeth; considered edible
in Japan, their skin is used to make a
form of leather
HAGFISH
67
any long slender primitive
eel-like freshwater and saltwater fish
of the Petromyzontidae family, having
a sucking mouth with rasping teeth,
but no jaw
LAMPREY
68
a member of the superclass Agnatha of jawless vertebrates
AGNATHAN
69
A defining feature of agnathans is
the lack of paired lateral appendages or fins.
70
have slime glands beneath the skin that constantly release mucus,
allowing them to escape from the grip of
predators.
hagfishes
71
TRUE OR FALSE: lampreys develop some vertebral elements as an adult.
TRUE
72
Lamprey's notochord is surrounded by a cartilaginous structure called an _______________, which may resemble an evolutionarily-early form of the vertebral column
arcualia
73
TRUE OR FALSE: Once the lamprey reach sexual maturity, the adults die within days of reproduction
TRUE
74
Gnathostomes, jawed vertebrates, can be
divided into two types of fish
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
75
Osteichthyes can be further separated
into
Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
76
composed of bone, which is a
calcium phosphate matrix created by
special cells called osteoblasts
OSSIFIED
77
a covering flap or lid-like structure in plants and animals, such as a gill cover
OPERCULUM
78
cartilaginous fish
CHONDRICHTHYES
79
the bony fish
OSTEICHTHYES
80
TRUE OR FALSE: The evolution of the jaw combined with paired fins permitted gnathostomes to expand from the sedentary suspension feeding of
jawless fishes and become mobile
predators.
TRUE
81
was an enormous placoderm from
the Devonian period, 380–360 million years ago
DUNKLEOSTEOUS
82
Shark teeth probably evolved from the
jagged scales that cover their skin called
PLACOID SCALES
83
enable sharks to detect the
electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things, including their prey
AMPULLAE OF LORENZINI
84
TRUE OR FALSE: Only aquatic or
amphibious animals possess electroreception.
TRUE
85
used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water (SHARKS); considered homologous to
“hearing” in terrestrial vertebrates
LATERAL LINE
86
________________________ secrete mucus that reduces drag when swimming and aids the fish in osmoregulation
SKIN GLANDS
87
TRUE OR FALSE: All bony fish use gills for gas exchange
TRUE
88
Water is drawn over gills that are located in
chambers covered and ventilated by a protective, muscular flap called the _________________________
OPERCULUM
89
ray-finned fish include many familiar fish,
such as tuna, bass, trout, and salmon, among others
ACTINOPTERYGII
90
named for their fins that are webs of skin supported by bony spines called rays
RAY-FINNED FISH
91
fleshy and lobed, supported by bone
SARCOPTERYGII
92
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment that takes place through the permeable skin
CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
93
teeth in which the root and crown are calcified, separated by a zone of noncalcified tissue
PEDICELLATE TEETH
94
an extra bone in the ear that transmits sounds to the inner ear
AURICULAR OPERCULUM
95
Some species of salamanders and all
caecilians are functionally limbless; their
limbs are vestigial.
TRUE
96
structures of the inner ear that are sensitive to frequencies below and above 10,00 hertz, respectively
papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris
97
One of the earliest known tetrapods is from the genus
ACANTHOSTEGA
98
“tetrapod-like fish,”______________________, which seems to be an intermediate form between fishes having fins and tetrapods having limbs.
Tiktaalik roseae
99
Amphibians can be divided into three groups:
Urodela (salamanders), Anura (frogs), and
Apoda (caecilians)
100
Salamanders utilize________________________
after males transfer sperm to the eggs via
the spermatophore
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
101
are blind, limbless vertebrates
that resemble earthworms and are
adapted for a soil-burrowing or an aquatic
lifestyle
CAECILIANS
102
TRUE OR FALSE: Adult frogs use their hind legs to jump; they fertilize externally, laying their shell-less eggs in moist environments
TRUE
103
TRUE OR FALSE: When tadpoles
become adults, gills, tails, and the lateral
line disappear
TRUE
104
movement by bending the body from side to side
LATERAL UNDULATION
105
a capsule or mass created by males, containing sperm and transferred in entirety to the female during
fertilization
SPERMATOPHORE
106
a change in the form
and often habits of an animal after the
embryonic stage during normal
development
METAMORPHOSIS
107
usually have a generalized tetrapod body plan with four limbs and a tail
ADULT SALAMANDERS
108
The only male amphibians that possess
copulatory structures are the
CAECILIANS
109
TRUE OR FALSE: The larval stage of a frog, the tadpole, is often a filter-feeding herbivore.
TRUE
110
complete lack of limbs leads to their resemblance to earthworms
in appearance.
APODA
111
The distinguishing characteristic of
______________________, a shelled egg with an amniotic membrane, allowed them to venture onto land.
AMNIOTE
112
are key membranes found only in
amniotic eggs
chorion, amnion, and allantois
113
facilitates gas exchange
between the embryo and the egg’s
external environment.
CHORION
114
protects the embryo from
mechanical shock and supports
hydration; innermost membrane of
the fetal membranes of amniotes
AMNION
115
stores nitrogenous wastes and facilitates
respiration
ALLANTOIS
116
a mammal that lays eggs
and has a single urogenital and
digestive orifice; only the echidnas and
platypuses
MONOTREME
117
terrestrially-adapted egg
AMNIOTES
118
provides the embryo with water and protein
ALBUMIN OR EGG WHITE
119
the energy supply for
the embryo, as is the case with the eggs
of many other animals, such as
amphibians
FATTIER EGG YOLK
120
are those present in amniotic
eggs that are not a part of the body of the
developing embryo
EXTRA-EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
121
surrounds the embryo and yolk sac
CHORION
122
homologous to the extra-embryonic membranes IN MAMMALS
PLACENTA
123
waterproof skin is due to
presence of lipids, and costal (rib) ventilation of the lungs
124
include all mammals
synapsids
125
mammal-like reptiles, from
which mammals evolved
therapsids
126
Sauropsids, which are divided into the
anapsids and diapsids
127
modern lizards, snakes,
and tuataras)
lepidosaurs
128
modern crocodiles and alligators, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs)
archosaurs
129
key differences between the synapsids,
anapsids, and diapsids
Skull structure and temporal fenestrae
130
Turtle are sometimes classified under
diapsids
131
animals that have one
opening low in the skull roof behind
each eye; includes all living and extinct
mammals and therapsids
synapsids
132
amniote whose skull does
not have openings near the temples;
includes extinct organisms
anapsids
133
any of very many reptiles
and birds that have a pair of openings
in the skull behind each eye
diapsids
134
post-orbital openings in the skull of some
amniotes that allow muscles to
expand and lengthen
temporal fenestrae
135
Sauropsids include reptiles and birds and
can be further divided into
anapsids and diapsids
136
“ancient lizard form”
archosauromorpha
137
(“scaly lizard form”)
lepidosauromorpha
138
(lay eggs)/ a mode of reproduction
in animals in which embryos develop inside
eggs that are retained within the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch
ovoviviparous
139
live birth/ being born alive, as are most
mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish
viviparous
140
they depend on their surrounding environment to control
their body temperature
ectotherms
141
animals whose body temperatures vary rather than remain stable
poikilotherms
142
a long period during cold weather that consists of no eating and a decreased metabolism
BRUMATION
143
TRUE OR FALSE: Limbless reptiles (snakes and other squamates) have vestigial
limbs and, as with caecilians, are classified as tetrapods because they are descended from four-limbed ancestors
TRUE
144
One of the key adaptations that permitted
reptiles to live on land was the development of
scaly skin which contains the protein
keratin and waxy lipids, reducing water loss
from the skin
145
use heat produced by
metabolism to regulate body temperature
endotherms
146
Dinosaurs and pterosaurs diverged from
early amniotes and dominated the
MESOZOIC ERA
147
had the ability to fly because of
their wings and hollow bones, a trait
convergent to modern birds, but were not
ancestral to birds
PTEROSAURS
148
any of several extinct flying
reptiles, of the order Pterosauria, including
the pterodactyls
PTEROSAUR
149
-Tertiary extinction: mass
extinction of three-quarters of plant and
animal species on earth, including all nonavian dinosaurs, that occurred over a
geologically-short period of time 66 million
years ago
CRETACEOUS
150
Reptiles originated approximately 300 million years ago during the
CARBONIFEROUS
151
One of the oldest-known amniotes is ______________,
which had both amphibian and reptilian
characteristics
CASINERIA
152
Class Reptilia, amniotes that are neither
mammals nor birds, has four living clades:
Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, and
Testudine.
153
lizardlike, but skull and jaw differences set them apart from true lizards.
Sphenodontia
154
the largest group of reptiles,
includes the lizards and snakes
Squamata
155
species in this group all have
bony or cartilaginous shells; Turtles
Testudines
156
a horny, chitinous, or bony
external plate or scale, as on the shell of a
turtle or the skin of crocodiles
SCUTE
157
the nearly flat part of the shell
structure of a tortoise or other animal,
similar in composition to the carapace
PLASTRON
158
(“small lizard”) arose with a distinct
lineage by the middle Triassic; extant species
include alligators, crocodiles, and caimans.
CROCODALIA
159
Are large, solidly built lizard-like
reptiles with long flattened snouts and
laterally-compressed tails, and eyes, ears, and nostrils at the top of the head.
CROCODILIANS
160
(“wedge tooth”) arose in the
Mesozoic era and includes only one living
genus, Tuatara, which comprises two species
that are found in New Zealand
SPHENODONTIA
161
Their dentition, in which two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw, is unique among living species
SPHENODONTIA
162
(“scaly”) arose in the late Permian;
extant species include lizards and snakes.
They are most closely-related to tuataras
SQUAMATA
163
the largest extant clade of reptiles
SQUAMATA
164
the most widely-distributed reptile genus in North America
Thamnophis
165
(“having a shell”)
TESTUDINES
166
the dorsal surface of the shell called the______________________, which
develops from the ribs
carapace
167
made of scutes or plates; ventral surface of the shell
plastron
168
It is the third largest tortoise in the world.
African spurred tortoise (Geochelone sulcata)
169
Apes are divided into two main groups of
hominoids:
hylobatids
(gibbons and siamangs)
great apes
(Pongo: orangutans, Gorilla:
gorillas, Pan:chimpanzees, and Homo:
humans)
170
the occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual
dimorphism
171
the diversification of
species into separate forms that each
adapt to occupy a specific environmental
niche
adaptive radiation
172
TRUE OR FALSE: All primate species possess adaptations for
climbing trees, as they all descended from
tree-dwellers.
TRUE
173
This arboreal heritage of
primates has resulted in adaptations that
include, but are not limited to:
A) a rotating shoulder joint;
B) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs, that are widely separated from fingers (except humans),
C) stereoscopic vision, two overlapping
fields of vision from the eyes, which allows for the perception of depth and gauging
distance
174
Order Primates is divided into two
groups:
prosimians and anthropoids
175
include the bush babies and
pottos of Africa, the lemurs of Madagascar,
and the lorises of Southeast Asia
PROSIMIANS
176
show some prosimian-like and some anthropoid-like features
TARSIER
177
include monkeys, apes, and humans.
ANTHROPOIDS
178
NOCTURNAL; SMALLER BRAIN/ BODY RATIO
PROSIMIANS
179
DIURNAL; LARGER BRAIN/ BODY RATIO
ANTHROPOIDS
180
The first primate-like mammals are referred to as
PROTO-PRIMATES
181
The oldest known primate-like mammal with a relatively robust fossil record is
PLESIADAPIS
182
The first true primates were found in
North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Eocene Epoch
183
Evidence shows that the anthropoid monkeys evolved from ________________ during the Oligocene Epoch
prosimians
184
New World monkeys are
also called ________________: a reference to their broad noses.
PLATYRRHINI
185
Old World monkeys (and apes)
are called _____________________: a reference to their
narrow noses
CATARRHINI
186
The lesser apes comprise the family ____________________,
including gibbons and siamangs
HYLOBATIDAE
187
The great apes include the genera ______________ (chimpanzees and bonobos), Gorilla (gorillas), Pongo
(orangutans), and Homo (humans)
PAN
188
includes extinct bipedal human relatives, such as
Australopithecus africanus, Homo habilis ,
and Homo erectus
HOMININS
189
Within the last 20 years, three new genera
of hominoids were discovered:
Sahelanthropus tchadensis,
Orrorin tugenensis, and
Ardipithecus ramidus and kadabba
190
the evolutionary group that
includes modern humans and now-extinct
bipedal relatives
HOMININS
191
any great ape (such as humans) belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea
HOMINOID
192
The oldest of the three species of very early
hominoids
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
193
The fossil, informally called __________________ is a mosaic of primitive and evolved characteristics.
Toumai
194
the type, number and
arrangement of the normal teeth of an
organism or of the actual teeth of an
individual
dentition
195
a physical difference
between male and female individuals of the
same species
sexual dimorphism
196
the habit of standing and walking on two feet.
bipedalism
197
(“southern ape”) is a genus
of hominin that evolved in eastern Africa
approximately 4 million years ago and
became extinct about 2 million years ago
Australopithecus
198
the first hominin species to
migrate out of East Africa, use fire, and
hunt.
HOMO erectus
199
more similar to modern humans due to
its height and weight, brain size, limited
sexual dimorphism, and downward-facing
nostrils
Homo erectus
200
had a similar brain size to modern humans , but, unlike modern humans, they had a thick skull, prominent brow ridge, and
a receding chin
ARCHAIC HOMO sapiens
201
(“handy man”) an extinct
taxonomic species within the genus Homo
that had long arms and may have used
stone tools
Homo habilis
202
(“upright man) extinct
species of hominin that appeared 1.8
million years ago; the first hominin to use
fire, hunt, and have a home base
Homo erectus
203
evolved from H. erectus
starting about 500,000 years ago; human
Homo sapiens
204
had a number of features
that were more similar to modern humans
than those of H. habilis
Homo erectus
