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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE > MODULE 2 > Flashcards

MODULE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

provides skeletal support, gives the phylum its name, and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates

A

NOTOCHORD

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2
Q

develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine.

A

DORSAL NERVE CORD

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3
Q

are openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in bony fish and into the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals

A

PHARYNGEAL SLITS

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4
Q

is a skeletal extension of the posterior end of the body

A

POST-ANAL TAIL

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5
Q

being absent in humans and apes, although present during embryonic development

A

POST-ANAL TAIL

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6
Q

a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the
lowest chordates; a primitive spine

A

NOTOCHORD

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7
Q

a dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate

A

NERVE CORD

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8
Q

filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets
and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments

A

PHARYNGEAL SLITS

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9
Q

Animals in the phylum Chordata share four
key features:

A

notochord,
dorsal hollow nerve cord,
pharyngeal slits,
postanal tail.

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10
Q

In some chordates, the notochord acts as
the ________________________of the body throughout the animal’s lifetime

A

primary axial support

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: THE NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT IN THE EMBRYONIC STAGE AND IS BEING REPLACED BY VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN ADULT PHASE OF SOME VERTEBRATES.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

The dorsal hollow nerve cord derives from
_________________ that rolls into a hollow tube during development

A

ectoderm

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13
Q

The nerve cord found in most chordate embryos develops into the ______________________ , which comprise the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

In organisms that live in ____________________, pharyngeal slits
allow for the exit of water that enters the
mouth during feeding

A

aquatic environments

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15
Q

Some_________________________ use the pharyngeal slits to filter food out of the water that enters the mouth.

A

invertebrate chordates

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16
Q

the pharyngeal slits develop into gill arches,
the bony or cartilaginous gill supports

A

vertebrate fishes

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds, pharyngeal slits are present in adult stage.
.

A

FALSE, ONLY IN EMBRYONIC STAGE

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18
Q

in most terrestrial animals, pharyngeal slits develop into ____________________

A

the jaw and
inner ear bones

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19
Q

In some terrestrial
vertebrates, the ________________ also helps with balance, courting, and signaling when danger is near.

A

post-anal tail

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20
Q

In humans and other apes, the postanal tail is present during embryonic
development, but is __________________ as an adult

A

VESTIGIAL

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21
Q

Chordata contains two subphylums of
invertebrates:

A

Urochordata (tunicates)
Cephalochordata (lancelets)

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22
Q

Urochordata (tunicates) and
Cephalochordata (lancelets) are
invertebrates because __________________________________

A

they lack a backone.

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23
Q

posses all four structures that classify
chordates, but adult tunicates retain
only pharyngeal slits

A

LARVAL TUNICATES

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24
Q

are marine organisms that possess all
features of chordates

A

Lancelets (Cephalochordata)

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lancelets swim for a few days after hatching, then attach to a marine surface and undergo metamorphosis into the sessile adult form.

A

FALSE; LARVAL TUNICATES

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26
Q

permanently attached to a
substrate; not free to move about; “an
attached oyster.

A

SESSILE

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Unlike vertebrates, urochordates and cephalochordates never develop a bony backbone.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

derives from the cellulose-like carbohydrate material, called the tunic, which covers their outer body

A

TUNICATES

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Only the larval tunicates possess all the characteristics of a chordate, but adults only maintain pharyngeal gill slit

A

TRUE

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Most tunicates are hermaphrodites.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Most tunicates live a sessile existence on the ocean floor and are suspension feeders

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Seawater enters the tunicate’s body
through its ________________________.

A

INCURRENT SIPHON

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33
Q

Suspended material is filtered out of this water by a mucous net (_______________________________)and is passed into the intestine via the action of cilia

A

PHARYNGEAL SLITS

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34
Q

The anus empties into the ___________________, which expels wastes and water.

A

EXCURRENT SIPHON

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Members of Cephalochordata possess a
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord,
pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the
adult stage.

A

TRUE

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: CEPHALOCHODATES DO NOT POSSESS TRUE BRAIN.

A

TRUE; the notochord extends into the head, which gives the subphylum its name “cephalo”

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37
Q

the oldest known cephalochordate

A

Pikaia

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38
Q

Extant members of Cephalochordata are
the _______________, named for their blade-like shape

A

lancelets

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39
Q

The filtered water then collects in
the atrium and exits through the ________________

A

atriopore

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40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Vertebrates evolved from craniates, which evolved from invertebrate chordates

A

TRUE

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41
Q

The clade ____________________ includes animals that have a cranium: a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure that surrounds the brain, jaw, and facial bones.

A

CRANIATA

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42
Q

Members of Craniata include

A

HAGFISH(MYXINI) AND VERTEBRATES

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43
Q

: the part of the skull enclosing
the brain, the braincase

A

CRANIUM

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44
Q

the study of the complete
genome of an organism

A

GENOMICS

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45
Q

the relatively rapid appearance (over a period of many millions of years), around 530 million years ago, of most major animal phyla as demonstrated in the fossil record

A

CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

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46
Q

are characterized by the presence of a
cranium, mandible, and other facial bones

A

(Dunkleosteus)

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47
Q

Vertebrates display the four
characteristic features of chordates, but they are named for the ____________________ composed of a series of bony vertebrae joined together as a backbone.

A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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48
Q

In the phylum Chordata, the closest relatives of the vertebrates are

A

INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES ( more closely related to the lancelets (cephalochordates) than to the tunicates (urochordates)

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49
Q

the series of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord; the spinal column

A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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50
Q

a member of the phylum
Chordata; numerous animals having a
notochord at some stage of their
development; in vertebrates this develops
into the spine

A

CHORDATE

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51
Q

Animals that possess bilateral symmetry can be divided into two groups

A

PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES

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52
Q

“second mouth,”

A

DEUTEROSTOMES

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53
Q

TWO PHYLA OF DEUTEROSTOMES

A

CHORDATA AND ECHINODERMATA

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54
Q

invertebrate marine animals that have
pentaradial symmetry and a spiny body
covering

A

ECHINORDERMS

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55
Q

includes sea stars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumbers

A

ECHINODERMATA

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56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All chordates are deuterostomes, possessing a
notochord.

A

TRUE

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57
Q

include the amphibians,
reptiles, mammals, and birds, as well as the
jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks, and
rays.

A

VERTEBRATES

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58
Q

the only members of
Chordata to possess a brain

A

VERTEBRATES

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59
Q

Animals that possess jaws are known as
_________________________________, meaning “jawed mouth.”

A

GNATHOSTOMES
fishes and tetrapods
(amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).

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60
Q

Tetrapods can be further divided into two
groups

A

amphibians and amniotes

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61
Q

are animals whose eggs are adapted for
terrestrial living; this group includes
mammals, reptiles, and birds

A

AMNIOTES

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62
Q

describes fish that lack jaws and includes the extant species of hagfish and lampreys

A

SUPRCLASS AGNATHA

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63
Q

earliest jawless fishes were the
___________________________, which had bony scales as body armor

A

OSTRACODERMS

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64
Q

eel-like marine scavengers in the clade Myxini that produce slime and can tie themselves into knots.

A

HAGFISH

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65
Q

are in the clade Petromyzontidae and appear morphologically similar to hagfish, but contain cartilaginous vertebral
elements as an adult; thus, they are
considered true vertebrates.

A

LAMPREY

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66
Q

any of several primitive
eellike creatures, of the family
Myxinidae, having a sucking mouth
with rasping teeth; considered edible
in Japan, their skin is used to make a
form of leather

A

HAGFISH

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67
Q

any long slender primitive
eel-like freshwater and saltwater fish
of the Petromyzontidae family, having
a sucking mouth with rasping teeth,
but no jaw

A

LAMPREY

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68
Q

a member of the superclass Agnatha of jawless vertebrates

A

AGNATHAN

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69
Q

A defining feature of agnathans is

A

the lack of paired lateral appendages or fins.

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70
Q

have slime glands beneath the skin that constantly release mucus,
allowing them to escape from the grip of
predators.

A

hagfishes

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71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: lampreys develop some vertebral elements as an adult.

A

TRUE

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72
Q

Lamprey’s notochord is surrounded by a cartilaginous structure called an _______________, which may resemble an evolutionarily-early form of the vertebral column

A

arcualia

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73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Once the lamprey reach sexual maturity, the adults die within days of reproduction

A

TRUE

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74
Q

Gnathostomes, jawed vertebrates, can be
divided into two types of fish

A

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)

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75
Q

Osteichthyes can be further separated
into

A

Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

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76
Q

composed of bone, which is a
calcium phosphate matrix created by
special cells called osteoblasts

A

OSSIFIED

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77
Q

a covering flap or lid-like structure in plants and animals, such as a gill cover

A

OPERCULUM

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78
Q

cartilaginous fish

A

CHONDRICHTHYES

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79
Q

the bony fish

A

OSTEICHTHYES

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80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The evolution of the jaw combined with paired fins permitted gnathostomes to expand from the sedentary suspension feeding of
jawless fishes and become mobile
predators.

A

TRUE

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81
Q

was an enormous placoderm from
the Devonian period, 380–360 million years ago

A

DUNKLEOSTEOUS

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82
Q

Shark teeth probably evolved from the
jagged scales that cover their skin called

A

PLACOID SCALES

83
Q

enable sharks to detect the
electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things, including their prey

A

AMPULLAE OF LORENZINI

84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Only aquatic or
amphibious animals possess electroreception.

A

TRUE

85
Q

used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water (SHARKS); considered homologous to
“hearing” in terrestrial vertebrates

A

LATERAL LINE

86
Q

________________________ secrete mucus that reduces drag when swimming and aids the fish in osmoregulation

A

SKIN GLANDS

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All bony fish use gills for gas exchange

A

TRUE

88
Q

Water is drawn over gills that are located in
chambers covered and ventilated by a protective, muscular flap called the _________________________

A

OPERCULUM

89
Q

ray-finned fish include many familiar fish,
such as tuna, bass, trout, and salmon, among others

A

ACTINOPTERYGII

90
Q

named for their fins that are webs of skin supported by bony spines called rays

A

RAY-FINNED FISH

91
Q

fleshy and lobed, supported by bone

A

SARCOPTERYGII

92
Q

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment that takes place through the permeable skin

A

CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

93
Q

teeth in which the root and crown are calcified, separated by a zone of noncalcified tissue

A

PEDICELLATE TEETH

94
Q

an extra bone in the ear that transmits sounds to the inner ear

A

AURICULAR OPERCULUM

95
Q

Some species of salamanders and all
caecilians are functionally limbless; their
limbs are vestigial.

A

TRUE

96
Q

structures of the inner ear that are sensitive to frequencies below and above 10,00 hertz, respectively

A

papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris

97
Q

One of the earliest known tetrapods is from the genus

A

ACANTHOSTEGA

98
Q

“tetrapod-like fish,”______________________, which seems to be an intermediate form between fishes having fins and tetrapods having limbs.

A

Tiktaalik roseae

99
Q

Amphibians can be divided into three groups:

A

Urodela (salamanders), Anura (frogs), and
Apoda (caecilians)

100
Q

Salamanders utilize________________________
after males transfer sperm to the eggs via
the spermatophore

A

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

101
Q

are blind, limbless vertebrates
that resemble earthworms and are
adapted for a soil-burrowing or an aquatic
lifestyle

A

CAECILIANS

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Adult frogs use their hind legs to jump; they fertilize externally, laying their shell-less eggs in moist environments

A

TRUE

103
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When tadpoles
become adults, gills, tails, and the lateral
line disappear

A

TRUE

104
Q

movement by bending the body from side to side

A

LATERAL UNDULATION

105
Q

a capsule or mass created by males, containing sperm and transferred in entirety to the female during
fertilization

A

SPERMATOPHORE

106
Q

a change in the form
and often habits of an animal after the
embryonic stage during normal
development

A

METAMORPHOSIS

107
Q

usually have a generalized tetrapod body plan with four limbs and a tail

A

ADULT SALAMANDERS

108
Q

The only male amphibians that possess
copulatory structures are the

A

CAECILIANS

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The larval stage of a frog, the tadpole, is often a filter-feeding herbivore.

A

TRUE

110
Q

complete lack of limbs leads to their resemblance to earthworms
in appearance.

A

APODA

111
Q

The distinguishing characteristic of
______________________, a shelled egg with an amniotic membrane, allowed them to venture onto land.

A

AMNIOTE

112
Q

are key membranes found only in
amniotic eggs

A

chorion, amnion, and allantois

113
Q

facilitates gas exchange
between the embryo and the egg’s
external environment.

A

CHORION

114
Q

protects the embryo from
mechanical shock and supports
hydration; innermost membrane of
the fetal membranes of amniotes

A

AMNION

115
Q

stores nitrogenous wastes and facilitates
respiration

A

ALLANTOIS

116
Q

a mammal that lays eggs
and has a single urogenital and
digestive orifice; only the echidnas and
platypuses

A

MONOTREME

117
Q

terrestrially-adapted egg

A

AMNIOTES

118
Q

provides the embryo with water and protein

A

ALBUMIN OR EGG WHITE

119
Q

the energy supply for
the embryo, as is the case with the eggs
of many other animals, such as
amphibians

A

FATTIER EGG YOLK

120
Q

are those present in amniotic
eggs that are not a part of the body of the
developing embryo

A

EXTRA-EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES

121
Q

surrounds the embryo and yolk sac

A

CHORION

122
Q

homologous to the extra-embryonic membranes IN MAMMALS

A

PLACENTA

123
Q

waterproof skin is due to

A

presence of lipids, and costal (rib) ventilation of the lungs

124
Q

include all mammals

A

synapsids

125
Q

mammal-like reptiles, from
which mammals evolved

A

therapsids

126
Q

Sauropsids, which are divided into the

A

anapsids and diapsids

127
Q

modern lizards, snakes,
and tuataras)

A

lepidosaurs

128
Q

modern crocodiles and alligators, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs)

A

archosaurs

129
Q

key differences between the synapsids,
anapsids, and diapsids

A

Skull structure and temporal fenestrae

130
Q

Turtle are sometimes classified under

A

diapsids

131
Q

animals that have one
opening low in the skull roof behind
each eye; includes all living and extinct
mammals and therapsids

A

synapsids

132
Q

amniote whose skull does
not have openings near the temples;
includes extinct organisms

A

anapsids

133
Q

any of very many reptiles
and birds that have a pair of openings
in the skull behind each eye

A

diapsids

134
Q

post-orbital openings in the skull of some
amniotes that allow muscles to
expand and lengthen

A

temporal fenestrae

135
Q

Sauropsids include reptiles and birds and
can be further divided into

A

anapsids and diapsids

136
Q

“ancient lizard form”

A

archosauromorpha

137
Q

(“scaly lizard form”)

A

lepidosauromorpha

138
Q

(lay eggs)/ a mode of reproduction
in animals in which embryos develop inside
eggs that are retained within the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch

A

ovoviviparous

139
Q

live birth/ being born alive, as are most
mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish

A

viviparous

140
Q

they depend on their surrounding environment to control
their body temperature

A

ectotherms

141
Q

animals whose body temperatures vary rather than remain stable

A

poikilotherms

142
Q

a long period during cold weather that consists of no eating and a decreased metabolism

A

BRUMATION

143
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Limbless reptiles (snakes and other squamates) have vestigial
limbs and, as with caecilians, are classified as tetrapods because they are descended from four-limbed ancestors

A

TRUE

144
Q

One of the key adaptations that permitted
reptiles to live on land was the development of

A

scaly skin which contains the protein
keratin and waxy lipids, reducing water loss
from the skin

145
Q

use heat produced by
metabolism to regulate body temperature

A

endotherms

146
Q

Dinosaurs and pterosaurs diverged from
early amniotes and dominated the

A

MESOZOIC ERA

147
Q

had the ability to fly because of
their wings and hollow bones, a trait
convergent to modern birds, but were not
ancestral to birds

A

PTEROSAURS

148
Q

any of several extinct flying
reptiles, of the order Pterosauria, including
the pterodactyls

A

PTEROSAUR

149
Q

-Tertiary extinction: mass
extinction of three-quarters of plant and
animal species on earth, including all nonavian dinosaurs, that occurred over a
geologically-short period of time 66 million
years ago

A

CRETACEOUS

150
Q

Reptiles originated approximately 300 million years ago during the

A

CARBONIFEROUS

151
Q

One of the oldest-known amniotes is ______________,
which had both amphibian and reptilian
characteristics

A

CASINERIA

152
Q

Class Reptilia, amniotes that are neither
mammals nor birds, has four living clades:

A

Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, and
Testudine.

153
Q

lizardlike, but skull and jaw differences set them apart from true lizards.

A

Sphenodontia

154
Q

the largest group of reptiles,
includes the lizards and snakes

A

Squamata

155
Q

species in this group all have
bony or cartilaginous shells; Turtles

A

Testudines

156
Q

a horny, chitinous, or bony
external plate or scale, as on the shell of a
turtle or the skin of crocodiles

A

SCUTE

157
Q

the nearly flat part of the shell
structure of a tortoise or other animal,
similar in composition to the carapace

A

PLASTRON

158
Q

(“small lizard”) arose with a distinct
lineage by the middle Triassic; extant species
include alligators, crocodiles, and caimans.

A

CROCODALIA

159
Q

Are large, solidly built lizard-like
reptiles with long flattened snouts and
laterally-compressed tails, and eyes, ears, and nostrils at the top of the head.

A

CROCODILIANS

160
Q

(“wedge tooth”) arose in the
Mesozoic era and includes only one living
genus, Tuatara, which comprises two species
that are found in New Zealand

A

SPHENODONTIA

161
Q

Their dentition, in which two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw, is unique among living species

A

SPHENODONTIA

162
Q

(“scaly”) arose in the late Permian;
extant species include lizards and snakes.
They are most closely-related to tuataras

A

SQUAMATA

163
Q

the largest extant clade of reptiles

A

SQUAMATA

164
Q

the most widely-distributed reptile genus in North America

A

Thamnophis

165
Q

(“having a shell”)

A

TESTUDINES

166
Q

the dorsal surface of the shell called the______________________, which
develops from the ribs

A

carapace

167
Q

made of scutes or plates; ventral surface of the shell

A

plastron

168
Q

It is the third largest tortoise in the world.

A

African spurred tortoise (Geochelone sulcata)

169
Q

Apes are divided into two main groups of
hominoids:

A

hylobatids
(gibbons and siamangs)

great apes
(Pongo: orangutans, Gorilla:
gorillas, Pan:chimpanzees, and Homo:
humans)

170
Q

the occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual

A

dimorphism

171
Q

the diversification of
species into separate forms that each
adapt to occupy a specific environmental
niche

A

adaptive radiation

172
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All primate species possess adaptations for
climbing trees, as they all descended from
tree-dwellers.

A

TRUE

173
Q

This arboreal heritage of
primates has resulted in adaptations that
include, but are not limited to:

A

A) a rotating shoulder joint;
B) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs, that are widely separated from fingers (except humans),
C) stereoscopic vision, two overlapping
fields of vision from the eyes, which allows for the perception of depth and gauging
distance

174
Q

Order Primates is divided into two
groups:

A

prosimians and anthropoids

175
Q

include the bush babies and
pottos of Africa, the lemurs of Madagascar,
and the lorises of Southeast Asia

A

PROSIMIANS

176
Q

show some prosimian-like and some anthropoid-like features

A

TARSIER

177
Q

include monkeys, apes, and humans.

A

ANTHROPOIDS

178
Q

NOCTURNAL; SMALLER BRAIN/ BODY RATIO

A

PROSIMIANS

179
Q

DIURNAL; LARGER BRAIN/ BODY RATIO

A

ANTHROPOIDS

180
Q

The first primate-like mammals are referred to as

A

PROTO-PRIMATES

181
Q

The oldest known primate-like mammal with a relatively robust fossil record is

A

PLESIADAPIS

182
Q

The first true primates were found in

A

North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Eocene Epoch

183
Q

Evidence shows that the anthropoid monkeys evolved from ________________ during the Oligocene Epoch

A

prosimians

184
Q

New World monkeys are
also called ________________: a reference to their broad noses.

A

PLATYRRHINI

185
Q

Old World monkeys (and apes)
are called _____________________: a reference to their
narrow noses

A

CATARRHINI

186
Q

The lesser apes comprise the family ____________________,
including gibbons and siamangs

A

HYLOBATIDAE

187
Q

The great apes include the genera ______________ (chimpanzees and bonobos), Gorilla (gorillas), Pongo
(orangutans), and Homo (humans)

A

PAN

188
Q

includes extinct bipedal human relatives, such as
Australopithecus africanus, Homo habilis ,
and Homo erectus

A

HOMININS

189
Q

Within the last 20 years, three new genera
of hominoids were discovered:

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis,
Orrorin tugenensis, and
Ardipithecus ramidus and kadabba

190
Q

the evolutionary group that
includes modern humans and now-extinct
bipedal relatives

A

HOMININS

191
Q

any great ape (such as humans) belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea

A

HOMINOID

192
Q

The oldest of the three species of very early
hominoids

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

193
Q

The fossil, informally called __________________ is a mosaic of primitive and evolved characteristics.

A

Toumai

194
Q

the type, number and
arrangement of the normal teeth of an
organism or of the actual teeth of an
individual

A

dentition

195
Q

a physical difference
between male and female individuals of the
same species

A

sexual dimorphism

196
Q

the habit of standing and walking on two feet.

A

bipedalism

197
Q

(“southern ape”) is a genus
of hominin that evolved in eastern Africa
approximately 4 million years ago and
became extinct about 2 million years ago

A

Australopithecus

198
Q

the first hominin species to
migrate out of East Africa, use fire, and
hunt.

A

HOMO erectus

199
Q

more similar to modern humans due to
its height and weight, brain size, limited
sexual dimorphism, and downward-facing
nostrils

A

Homo erectus

200
Q

had a similar brain size to modern humans , but, unlike modern humans, they had a thick skull, prominent brow ridge, and
a receding chin

A

ARCHAIC HOMO sapiens

201
Q

(“handy man”) an extinct
taxonomic species within the genus Homo
that had long arms and may have used
stone tools

A

Homo habilis

202
Q

(“upright man) extinct
species of hominin that appeared 1.8
million years ago; the first hominin to use
fire, hunt, and have a home base

A

Homo erectus

203
Q

evolved from H. erectus
starting about 500,000 years ago; human

A

Homo sapiens

204
Q

had a number of features
that were more similar to modern humans
than those of H. habilis

A

Homo erectus

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE (2 decks)

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