Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is central to evolutionary biology namely
______________________________, evidence of past evolutionary changes in animal structure.

A

EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tail is symmetrical= Both lobes of the
tail are equal in shape

A

HOMOCERCAL TAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

presence of swim bladder

A

HOMOCERCAL TAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • air filled sac for dense neutral body buoyancy
A

SWIM BLADDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organisms with homocercal tail

A

Teleost (salmon, tuna, trout) Osteichthyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lobes of the tail are unequal; upper tail lobe is elongated,
provides upward force to
counteract the tendency to sink.

A

HETEROCERCAL TAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lack of swim bladder

A

HETEROCERCAL TAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

organisms with heterocercal tail

A

Chondrichthyes (shark & rays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Swimming strokes of the heterocercal tail propel the fish forward, and motion of the long extended upper lobe imparts an upward lift to the
posterior end of the fish.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

helps answer question and give us better understanding of animal design

A

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

discipline that relates structure to its function

A

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

History of life, also the process of evolution behind morphological units (jaw, limbs, eyes.)

A

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

look outside evolutionary context, without elucidation of evolutionary process.

A

NON-HISTORICAL CONTEXT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

allows us to make prediction, perhaps re-examine initial analysis of structure and return with improved hypotheses about
system of interest.

A

EXTRAPOLATIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

-tool of insight guide our analysis
and set up hypothesis

A

COMPARISON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike and scaly animals to land forms

A

ANAXIMANDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

original creatures come together in oddly assembled ways

A

EMPEDOCLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Voyage of the Beagle, a collection of scientific observations

A

CHARLES DARWIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If left unchecked, members of any
species increase naturally in number because all possess a _____________________ .

A

HIGH REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Condition two for declining resources.

A

COMPETITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

third condition of Darwin’s proposal

A

survival of the few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The controversy over evolutionary processes emerges at one of three levels—___________________________—and asks a different question at
each level

A

FACT, COURSE AND MECHANISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What mechanism produced this evolution?

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the first great biologist, believed that all
things could be arranged in a hierarchy; Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature

A

ARISTOTLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Species Plantarum

A

Carolus Linnaeus
(Carl von Linne)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation (1691)

A

Reverend John Ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Natural Theology or Evidence of the
Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearances of Nature (1802)

A

William Paley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

He was a curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Harvard University

A

Louis Agassiz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

first modern scientist to work out a systematic concept of evolution; spoke to the three issues of evolution fact, course and mechanism.

A

J.B. de Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

– species changed over time

A

FACT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

– there is a progressive change in species along an ascending scale in increasing complexity.

A

COURSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

needs itself produce heritable evolutionary change

A

MECHANISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Organs in animals become stronger or weaker more or less important by use or disuse and these changes are transmitted from parents to the progeny

A

Inheritance of Acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

There is an unconscious striving upward on
the Scala Naturae which moved every
living creature toward greater complexity.

A

“Universal Escalator to Perfection”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

it is preferred to replace the terms lower and higher with the terms _____________________________________to emphasize only the sequence in the evolutionary
scale.

A

PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geometrically at the same time the supply of food grows more slowly, thus species had to evolve to adapt to these changes

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

“An Essay on the Principle of Population”

A

Reverend Thomas Malthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

was named after the tortoise inhabitants in the island (Galapagos in Spanish)

A

GALAPAGOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

was a process analogous to the type of
selection exercised by breeders of cattle,
horses, or dogs

A

NATURAL SELECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

was a process analogous to the type of
selection exercised by breeders of cattle,
horses, or dogs

A

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

a scientific consistency and cohesiveness to the concept of evolution (Darwinism).

A

The Origin of Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

made an honorable effort to calculate the age of the Earth

A

JAMES USSHER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

“Is man an angel or an ape? My Lord, I am on the side of the angels”.

A

Benjamin Disraeli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

“Humans were created five days later, at 9:00 in the morning, Greenwich
mean time.”

A

Dr. John Lightfoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

used temperatures taken in deep shafts: reasoned that the Earth would cool from its
primitive molten state to present temperatures at constant rate

A

Lord Kelvin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Darwin’s Bulldog; He took the task vertebral theory of the skull; monographs
on comparative anatomy

A

Thomas H. Huxley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Argued that organisms must be
understood as functional whole

A

George Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

He centered on archetypes, a kind of
biological blueprint which an organism was
build

A

RICHARD OWEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Owen envision that the vertebrates skeleton is consisted of a series of segments which he termed

A

‘vertebrae’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent or a common evolutionary ancestor

A

HOMOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

original and tupos meaning imprinted image

A

Greek ‘arkhe’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

It is one of the most fascinating
constructs of what has been
called the ___________________________________ in
the history of biology

A

morphological period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

a biological blueprint in which an organism originated

A

archetype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

concavity

A

nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

– an area where all ribs are connected

A

Thoracic Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

– prominences or projections

A

Apophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

articulates with one vertebra to the next vertebra

A

Zygapophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

not prominent when intact; articulates with the post-zygapophysis in the previous vertebra

A

pre-zygapophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

visible when intact; articulates with the pre-zygapophysis of the next vertebra

A

post zygapophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

neural arch; encloses the neural canal; passageway of nerve cord

A

Neuropophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

articulation of two upper headed ribs

A

DIAPOPHYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

articulation of two lower headed ribs

A

PARAPOPHYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Prominence (vertebral rib)

A

Pleurapophysis

64
Q

cavity between haemal arches which
encloses the blood vessel

A

HAEMAPOPHYSIS

65
Q

the first one to suggest that the vertebrates’ skull was created from modified and fused vertebrae.

A

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

66
Q

who speculated about the significance of life, which they believed to be derived from a vital force that could not be understood
totally through scientific means

A

Lorenz Oken

67
Q

is an external architect that chooses designs to fit current purposes

A

Natural selection

68
Q

assaults an organism with a wrath of predators, challenges of climate, and competition from others.

A

External environments

69
Q

The ______________________________of an
organisms sets boundaries to allowable
change.

A

internal construction

70
Q

meant the study of structure with function

A

CUVIER

71
Q

the study of archetypes behind the structure

A

OWEN

72
Q

study of structural change over time (evolution).

A

HUXLEY

73
Q

In different organisms, corresponding parts
may be considered similar to each other by
three criteria

A

ANCESTRY, FUNCTION AND APPEARANCE

74
Q

applies to two or more features that share a common ancestry

A

HOMOLOGY

75
Q

A special case of homology is _________________________, which means similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism.

A

serial homology

76
Q

Examples:
- successive muscle segments along the
body
- several gill arches
- chain of vertebrae in the backbone

A

serial homology

77
Q

The concept of homology as the relationship between two characters in two different species as inherited from a common ancestor

A

Historical Homology

78
Q

exhibits structures which perform similar functions, but they may or may not have similar ancestry

A

ANALOGY

79
Q

look alike and may or may not be homologous or analogous.

A

Homoplastic structures

80
Q

three different types of homoplasy

A

convergence, parallelism, and reversal

81
Q

refers to the evolution of similar traits in response to similar adaptive pressures, but not to similar genes and developmental processes

A

CONVERGENCE

82
Q

occurs in closely related taxa,
and is defined as the independent
development of a descendant character that is not present on a common ancestor.

A

PARALLELISM

83
Q

are instances of homoplasy in
which a character appears, subsequently
disappears, and later reappears along the
descendants in one lineage

A

REVERSALS

84
Q

describes the way in which
animal’s body meets the surrounding
environment.

A

SYMMETRY

85
Q

-refers to a body that is laid out equally from a central axis, so that any of several planes passing through the central
divides the animal into equal or mirror halves.

A

Radial symmetry;

sea anemone
sea urchin
star fish
jelly fish

86
Q

divides the body in into two mirrored images, left and right

A

Bilateral symmetry

Butterfly and (b) Lobster

87
Q

refers to the head end

A

ANTERIOR

88
Q

refers to the tail

A

POSTERIOR

89
Q

refers to the back

A

DORSAL

90
Q

refers to the belly or front

A

VENTRAL

91
Q

midline of the body

A

MEDIAL

92
Q

refers to the sides of the body

A

LATERAL

93
Q

-farthest to the main bulk of the body

A

DISTAL

94
Q

-nearest to the main bulk of the body

A

PROXIMAL

95
Q

-chest supports the forelimbs

A

PECTORAL

96
Q

hips supporting hindlimbs

A

PELVIC

97
Q

divides a bilateral body into dorsal and
ventral sections

A

FRONTAL PLANE

98
Q

splits the body into left and right portions

A

SAGITTAL PLANE

99
Q

separates body into anterior and
posterior portions

A

TRANSVERSE PLANE

100
Q

is the process that divides the body into
duplicated sections

A

METAMERISM OR SEGMENTATION

101
Q

Each repeated section is referred to
as a

A

SEGMENT OR METAMERE

102
Q

sequentially subdivide the hydrostatic skeleton into a series of internal compartments

A

SEPTA

103
Q

According to ______________________,
correlations between hypothesized
environmental (selective) factors
and structural features of the
organism can be examined.

A

Lauder (1981)

104
Q

covers both how a part works in an
organism and how it serves adaptively in the environment

A

FUNCTION

105
Q

refers to how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism`s life history

A

BIOLOGICAL ROLE

106
Q

quadrate bone in reptiles’ functions to attach the lower jaw to the skull. It also functions to transmit sound waves to
the ear

A

FUNCTION

107
Q

quadrate participates in at least two: feeding (food procurement) and hearing (detection of enemies or prey)

A

BIOLOGICAL ROLE

108
Q

Body feathers in birds to cover the body

A

FUNCTION

109
Q

Insulation (thermoregulation) – to
prevent heat loss in a cold
environment

A

BIOLOGICAL ROLE

110
Q

Aerodynamic contouring of body
shape (flight) – to streamline the body

A

BIOLOGICAL ROLE

111
Q

Courtship (reproduction) – to display
colors to rivals o mate.

A

BIOLOGICAL ROLE

112
Q

Means that a structure or behavior
possesses the necessary form and function
before (hence pre-) the biological role arises that it eventually serves.

A

PRE-ADAPTATION

113
Q

Refers to features that have acquired the
necessary properties of form and function to be adapted to a particular environmental demand (selection force) before that selection force has acted on the feature

A

PRE-ADAPTATION

114
Q

___________________ to birds were ground- or
tree-dwelling, reptile like animals

A

IMMEDIATE ANCESTORS

115
Q

Reptiles that lived in or frequented trees
___________________ from branch in order to escape pursuing predators or get to adjacent trees without making a long journey down one tree and back up the other

A

LEAPED

116
Q

animal`s practice of taking to the air temporarily

A

LEAPED

117
Q

in which the animal spread its limbs and flattened its body to increase resistance and slow descent during the vertical drop, softening the impact on landing

A

PARACHUTING

118
Q

The animal deflected from the line of fall, so horizontal travel increased.

A

GLIDING

119
Q

an early stage of active flight,
further increased the horizontal distance

A

FLAILING

120
Q

flight gave access to habitats unavailable to terrestrial species. In fact, a new mode of life was achieved and modern birds are the result

A

FLAPPING

121
Q

bear the traces of ancestral structures because evolution proceeds largely through the process of remodeling

A

DESCENDANT ORGANISMS

122
Q

Course of evolution that us summarized into graphic schemes or dendrograms

A

PHYLOGENY

123
Q

-Depicted by a tree-like, branched connection between taxa-represents a faithful expression of relationships between different taxa

A

DENDROGRAM

124
Q

Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866; “General Morphology of Organisms”)

A

ERNST HAECKEL

125
Q

The study of ancestor-descendent relationships

A

PHYLOGENETICS

126
Q

A diagram that represents the evolutionary
relationships among organisms

A

PHYLOGENETIC TREE

127
Q

Ancestral state of a character

A

PLEISTOMORPHY

128
Q

(Derived state), wherein a character state different than the ancestral state

A

APOMORPHY

129
Q

(Derived Condition) derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor

A

SYNAPOMORPHY

130
Q
  • a uniquely derived character state
A

AUTAPOMORPHY

131
Q
  • Named group of organisms
A

TAXON

132
Q

groups that exist in nature resulting from evolutionary events.

A

NATURAL TAXON

133
Q

group that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution

A

ARTIFICIAL TAXON

134
Q

taxon most related closely
related to the taxon studied

A

SISTER GROUP

135
Q

Expression of degree of change or
level of adaptation reached by an evolving
taxa.

A

GRADE

136
Q

Sums up all organisms in a lineage
plus their common ancestor

A

CLADE

137
Q

organisms with similar or homologous
characteristics placed together in a clade

A

TRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS

138
Q

organisms belonging to the same clade,
also called as cladistics

A

PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS

139
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Some clades include members very homogenous in their basic morphology (ex. Birds, snakes, frogs) or quite heterogeneous (actinoptrygian fishes)

A

TRUE

140
Q
  • Basis for recognizing a clade
  • Not within-group variation
A

GENEALOGY

141
Q
  • Dendogram depicting a genealogy
  • Hypothesis about lineages and
    evolutionary relationships of the
    genealogy
A

CLADOGRAM

142
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The more derived characteristics common
between the groups, the more likely they are closely related

A

TRUE

143
Q

any taxa that is studied

A

INGROUP

144
Q

group close to but is not part of the studied taxa

A

OUTGROUP

145
Q

Includes an ancestor and all of its
descendants but only its descendants

A

MONOPHYLETIC

146
Q

Groups formed on the bases of nonhomologous characteristics

A

POLYPHYLETIC

147
Q

Groups that include a common
ancestor and some but not all of its
descendants

A

PARAPHYLETIC

148
Q

The smallest clade that includes all
living members of the group and any
fossils nested in between

A

CROWN GROUP

149
Q

The set of extinct taxa not included in
the crown group but are more closely
related to the crown group than to any
other

A

STEM GROUP

150
Q

Composed of both crown and stem
groups

A

TOTAL GROUP

151
Q

the study of what fossils tell
us about the ecologies of the past, about
evolution, and about our place, as humans,
in the world

A

PALEONTOLOGY

152
Q

Greek biologist who
discovered seashells on land, and deduced
that the land was once a seafloor

A

XENOPHANES

153
Q

Chinese scientist who was able
to use fossilized bamboo to form a theory of climate change

A

SHEN KUO

154
Q

pioneers of paleontology, found that rock layers in different areas could be compared and matched on the basis of their fossils

A

Georges Cuvier and William Smith

155
Q

scientists can determine the age of a rock
layer by examining how certain atoms in the rock have changed since the rock formed

A

RADIOMETRIC DATING

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions