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BIOL1007 > MODULE 2 > Flashcards

MODULE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolic

A

small molecules assemble into large ones
* energy is required

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2
Q

Catabolic

A

large/complex molecules break down into smaller ones
* energy is released

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3
Q

Oil Rig

A

oxidation involves loss, reduction involves gain

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4
Q

NAD+/FAD involved in a lot of ____ reactions

A

catabolic

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5
Q

ATP abbrev.

A

adenosine triphosphate

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6
Q

ADP abbrev.

A

adenosine diphosphate

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7
Q

Heterotrophy

A

Organisms that eat other organisms or preformed organic matter

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8
Q

Autotrophy

A

Create their own food from inorganic nutrients
* Photosynthesis

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9
Q

Light reaction: cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Uses sunlight to make proton gradient
* Leads to formation of ATP

Evolutionary advantage over heterotrophs
* Werent dependant on depletable resources

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10
Q

Light reaction: non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Built on the earlier version
Uses sunlight to make ATP and NADPH
* Have everything they need to convert CO2 to organic compounds (glucose)
* Evolutionary advantage over cyclic photophosphorylation

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11
Q

Proton pumping

A

High proton in Lumen, low in stroma
Travel to stroma through ATP Synthase
Diffuse back through it
Catalysed the phosphorylation of Pi onto ADP -> ATP

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12
Q

Endosymbiotic origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes

A

Engulfed prokaryotes > developed symbioses > lived as individual organelles > eukaryotes

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13
Q

3 stages of calvin cycle

A
  1. Carboxylation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration
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14
Q

Carboxylation

A

1st
Carboxylation of RuBP with CO2 pulled by Rubisco > 6C molecule is unstable > 2x 3-PGA

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15
Q

Regeneration (calvin)

A

2nd
ATP + NADPH used to change 3-PGA into G3P

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16
Q

Reduction

A

3rd
5/6 G3P stay in cycle > modified with ATP to make more RuBP

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17
Q

Photorespiration

A

Fixation of oxygen by rubisco
* 2-phosphoglycolate
* Detoxified by Chloraplast, Mitochondrion, Peroxisome
* ATP expended, CO2 released

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18
Q

C4

A

Adjustments exploiting PEP carboxylase to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco

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19
Q

CAM

A

Saves water
* stomata only open at night
* humidity is higher
* CO2 stored as C4 in vacuole

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20
Q

In what kind of plants do you tend to see CAM photosynthesis

A

Plants that live in dry climate
* E.g. cactus

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21
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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22
Q

where does respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria
1. Gly - outside
2. Kreb’s - matrix
3. ETC - inner membrane

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23
Q

Glycolysis

A

Sugar splitting
1. Energy investment
2. Energy payoff

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24
Q

Net output of Glycolysis

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 pyruvate + H2O
  • 2 NADH + 2 protons
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25
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Remove electrons from products of glycolysis
* Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA
* small ATP produced
* 3 NADH + H+
* 1 FADH2
* 2 CO2

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26
Q

ETC

A

NADH -> NAD+ + H+ & FADH2 -> FAD + 2H+
* Pump protons into IM space
* High conc. Of H+ in IM space
* Low conc. in matrix
* Want to flow back
* Only way, through ATP synthase
* Produce ATP

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27
Q

Special adaptations to increase SA of inner membrane

A
  • Thylakoids stacked into granum - in stroma
  • Elaborate folding into crista - in matrix
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28
Q

AOX and UCP

A

Downregulate production of ATP when the plant already has enough
* AOX - bypass
* UCP - uncoupling protein, diffuse back

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29
Q

Composition of the Body

A
  • 60% water
  • 18% protein
  • 16% fat
  • 6% Carbohydrates, minerals etc. micro nutrients
    Changes as animal gets older
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30
Q

Condensation/dehydration of carbs

A

CONDENSATION - ANA
HYDROLYSE - CATA

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31
Q

Glycogen is stored many places including…

A
  • LIVER: breaks down carbs, releases sugar into bloodstream
  • MUSCLES: trap sugar within individual muscles cells, do not share energy
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32
Q

What hormone causes catabolism of glycogen?

A

glucagon

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33
Q

When you eat food, your blood stream does not absorb protein…

A

Absorbs amino acids
* Food broken down to AA
* Absorbed in villus
* Brought to blood

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34
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
R group

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35
Q

Non essential amino acids

A

The cell can make it itself

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36
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Cannot be manufactured in body
* must be in food

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37
Q

All essential amino acid components of protein are made by…

A

Plants
* Every animal has to derive the essential amino acids from plants
* Carnivore eats herbivore who has eaten this amino acid

38
Q

Fat is stored in ____ tissue

A

Adipose
* Omentum - large flat adipose tissue layer nestling on the surface of the intra-peritoneal organs

39
Q

Is phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

5 bonds, 2 O dont have H attached
* Hydrophillic

40
Q

Omentum role

A
  1. Protection
  2. Storage
  3. Release energy for metabolism at a later stage
41
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

Stores a lot of energy from breaking food molecules
* Ribose sugar (5 carbon)
* Base adenine - rings with nitrogen
* 3 phosphate molecules attached
* - charge on oxygen
* When it loses P generates energy

42
Q

Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are interconvertible?

A

True

43
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Respond to homeostatic signals and release hormones
* Travel through bloodstream > affect physiology of cells.

44
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Repair wounds
* Move to site of injury, lay down fibrin and close down wound

45
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single cell, no membrane bound nucleus

46
Q

Bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan (sugar and amino acid lattice) major constituent of cell wall

47
Q

Archaea

A

Do not have peptidoglycan as major constituent of cell wall, often live in extreme conditions

48
Q

Protists

A

Single-celled eukaryotes

49
Q

Animal plasma membranes are stabilised with _____

A

cholesterol

50
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Hydrophillic (attarcted to phosphate heads)
  • Hydrophobic (attracted to fatty acid tails)
  • Side chain
51
Q

Evolution of nucleus (theory)

A

Invagination
* Folds in (nuclear envelope)
* More pockets (ER)

52
Q

Evolution of the mitochondria (theory)

A

Absorb aerobic prokaryotic cell
* Membrane derived from eukarotic cell
* Now has enzymes to break down pyruvic acid (energy)

53
Q

Fibrous proteins

A
  • Make up cytoskeleton - shape, hang rest of tissues on
  • Pathways
54
Q

Key differences in animal cell

A

No cell wall
No big vacuole
No chloroplasts

55
Q

Key differences in plant cell

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Huge central vacuole

56
Q

The Plant Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose
* Long strings, carbohydrate
* Good for structure

57
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is connected to the ____

A

Nucleus
* Nucleus has pores

58
Q

Describe the flow of information from DNA to protein in the context of the cell.

A

Nucleus > DNA > transcription > mRNA > Ribosome > translation > protein.

59
Q

Flagellum

A

Propels bacteria
* Harvest power of H ions, passing through channels in the apparatus

60
Q

Vesicles carry protein cargo

A

Come from ribosomes in rough ER
* Travel into vesicles
* Travel into cis-face of golgi apparatus
* Disengage from trans face
* Exocytosis: Take to exterior of cell , fuse with membrane
* Endocytosis: proteins bind to surface of plasma membranes - receptors, folds in, draw into cell

61
Q

When a protein is fully drawn into a cell

A

Endosome

62
Q

What happens to protein that has entered the cell?

A

Fed to golgi or lysosome - break down

63
Q

F0, F1 complexes

A

Mito
* take molecule of ADP and phosphate > ATP

64
Q

Name 3 major biological functions of mitochondria

A
  • Production of ATP (ATP synthesis)
  • Steroid synthesis
  • Apoptosis - packaged then eaten by immune system
65
Q

Mitochondria are often attached to

A

Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
* Pathways
* Hold in place
* Actin & myosin
* Motor proteins

66
Q

Motor proteins

A
  1. Portion attaches to mitochondria/vesicles
  2. Feet
67
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments - made of actin
  2. Microtubules - made of tubulin, train tracks
  3. Intermediate filaments - made of various proteins, strong, reinforcing, resist stress, often keratin.
68
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Semi-permeable membrane
* molecules and charged molecules

69
Q

Powered transport

A

Push molecules against a gradient
* ATP
* Phosphorylation event
* Top close off, bottom open up

70
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulf bacterial cell
* Close over

71
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinking
* Fluids along with dissolved molecules

72
Q

Receptors in endocytosis

A

Specifically take in one type of molecule
* recognise 3D structure
* Proteins line up under membrane - help bud off

73
Q

Most multicellular animals are made out of just 4 major tissue types

A
  1. Epithelium 🦶🏻
  2. Connective 🪢
  3. Nervous 🧠
  4. Muscle 💪🏼
74
Q

Connective tissue

A
  1. Fibres
  2. Cells
  3. Ground substance (proteins, water, slats, minerals, cells)
    Varying densities
    Blood - coagulate
75
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs

76
Q

Muscle

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Smooth - hollow organ
  3. Skeletal - voluntary, movement
77
Q

Epithelia is anchored to the ____

A

Basal lamina
* Surround muscle and fat tissues

78
Q

Desmosome

A

Mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion.

79
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

One plaque on the inside portion of the cell
* Use connecting proteins to anchor down directly into basal lamina

80
Q

Cancer originates in ____ tissue

A

Epithelial
* Basal lamina can hold back metastasis for a while

81
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Coordinated movement and behaviour

82
Q

Use ____ which signal cells to change their physiology

A

hormones

83
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Go straight through plasma membrane
  • Receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus
  • Produce a protein
84
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Binding to a receptor coupled to a channel

85
Q

Protein hormones

A
  • Interact with receptor outside of cell, in plasma membrane
  • Interact with series of relay proteins
86
Q

The stress response

A
  1. CRH enters bloodstream that connects hypothalamus to pituitary
  2. Stimulates ACTH > into bloodstream
  3. Reaches adrenal cortex, releases cortisol
  4. Goes into fat supplies > breakdown (fuel)
87
Q

Plant cell gradients

A

Hyper - Plasmolysed
Iso - Flaccid
Hypo - Turgid (optimal)

88
Q

A260:A280 values and purity

A
  • 1.8 - 2 = pure DNA
  • < 1.8 = protein contamination
  • > 2 RNA contamination
89
Q

A260:A230 values and purity

A
  • > 1.8 = pure nucleic acid
  • < 1.8 = organic compunds
90
Q

The stress response is a ____ feedback loop

A

Negative

91
Q

Steroids are hydro… and proteins are hydro…

A
  1. Phobic
  2. Phillic
92
Q

Cytoplasmic reticulum

A

Hold lots of calcium
* Send message to release this to activate muscles
* Go to actin binding sites

BIOL1007 (4 decks)

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