Module 2 Flashcards
Smallest unit of life
Cells
intracellular fluid packed
with organelles
Cytoplasm
selectively permeable barrier
Plasma Membrane
organelle that controls cellular activities
Nucleus
includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ECF (extracellular fluid)
substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)
Cellular secretions
most abundant material, jellylike substance
composed of proteins and polysaccharides
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS
Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid
mosaic
PLASMA MEMBRANE
allows the membrane to communicate with its
environment, responsible for specialized membrane function
Membrane Proteins
includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific
biologicals markers.
Membrane Carbohydrates
allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells
Cell Junctions
forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid +
cholesterol)
Membrane Lipids
Determines what functions the membrane can perform.
Proteins
diffuse directly through the lipid
bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that
readily dissolve in lipids)
Simple Diffusion
either through a) binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion of a solvent through a membrane
Osmosis
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells
TONICITY
have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water
Isotonic
higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate
Hypertonic
more dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse
Hypotonic
cells retain their normal size and shape in __ solution
Isotonic solutions
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst in __ solution
Hypotonic solutions
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles
Membrane Potential
cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells
and the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Cell Adhesion Molecules
signals from the nervous system
Neurotransmitters
process in which a
ligand (chemical messenger) binds a
specific receptor and initiates a
response
Chemical Signaling
Cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins, generate ATP
Organelles
Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply
Lozenge-shaped organelles that contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
and able to reproduce themselves
Mitochondria
Sites of protein synthesis. Small-dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA
Ribosomes
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions
Smooth ER
studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted from cells; manufacture of integral proteins and phospholipids that form
part of all cellular membranes
Rough ER
Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids
Stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny
membranous vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes
(numerous in kidneys and livers)
Oxidases and Catalases detoxify alcohol and
formaldehyde and neutralize free radicals
Peroxisomes
Spherical membranous organelles containing activatedhydrolytic enzymes. Digests all kinds of biological molecules including invading
bacteria and cell debris
Lysosomes
System of organelles that work
together mainly to
Produce, degrade, store and export
biological molecules
Degrade potentially harmful substances
Includes the Golgi apparatus, ER,
secretory vesicles and lysosomes
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
multicellular sheets
composed of at
least 2 primary tissue
types (epithelium +
connective tissue)
Membranes
Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions
NERVOUS TISSUE
non-conducting cells that support,
insulate and protect delicate neurons
SUPPORTING CELLS / GLIAL/ NEUROGLIA
Well-vascularized tissues that are
responsible for most type of
body movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
a structural support network made up
of diverse proteins, sugars and
other components and responsible
for the physical maintenance of
cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target
organ. Structurally diverse and secretions also varies
ENDOCRINE
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
GLAND
product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or
steroid-rich containing proteins
SECRETION
