Module 1 Flashcards
Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart,
lungs, kidneys
Gross Anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Surface
studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Physiology
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. (Nails, hair, skin)
Integumentary System
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. (Joint, Bones)
Skeletal system
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produce heat.
Muscular System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use by body cells. (Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis)
Endocrine system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, etc. (Blood vessels, heart)
Cardiovascular System
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscle and glands (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves)
Nervous System
Produce sperm and male sex hormones
Testes
Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood (Kidney, Ureter, Urethra, Urinary bladder)
Urinary System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. (Red bone marrow, spleen, Thoracic duct, Lymph nodes, Thymus)
Lymphatic System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. (Larynx, Trachea, Lung, Bronchus, Pharynx, Nasal cavity)
Respiratory System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. (Small and large intestine, rectum, anus, oral cavity, esophagus, Liver)
Digestive System
Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy.
Catabolism
set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy.
Anabolism
Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
Homeostasis
An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment (Cause: Aging, Diseases)
Homeostatic Imbalance
lying flat, facing downwards
Prone
lying flat on your back, facing upwards
Supine
an anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
Sagittal Plane
Is a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves: right and left.
Median Plane
is an anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections
Coronal Plane
An oblique plane is a plane that can be any angle other than horizontal or vertical. In actuality, the word denotes “not parallel” or “at a right angle.”
Oblique Plane
is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions.
Transverse Plane
Largest molecules in the body
Nucleic Acids
An energy transferring molecule in cells and provide energy immediately usable by all body cells
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Deoxyribose, from Nucleus, has thymine, Double strand coiled into a double helix.
DNA
Ribose, from cytoplasm, has uracil, Single strand, straight of folded.
RNA
building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
globular proteins that act as biological
catalysts (substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions)
Enzymes
basic structure material of the body and plays
vital roles in cell function
PROTEINS
insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol and ether
Lipids
Double-layered membrane
serosa/serous membrane
lubricating fluid that seperates the serosa
Serous fluid
lining the walls
Parietal pericardium
Covers the organs
Visceral Pericardium
Study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter
Biochemistry
compounds that contain carbon and
made by living things
Organic compounds
compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
Iorganic compounds
also called, proton donors, substance that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
Acids
also called proton acceptors, substances that take up hydrogen ions indetectable amounts
Bases
measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
pH
When acids and bases mix, displacement reaction
happen to form water and salt
NEUTRALIZATION
A pH below 7.35
acidemia
a pH above 7.45
alkalemia
large complex molecules with thousands of atoms
Macromolecules
never lose or gain electrons
electroneutral
chainlike molecules made of smaller, similar subunits
Polymers
process of joining together monomers
Dehydration synthesis
process of degrading molecules
Hydrolysis
essential for human life, found in cell membranes and raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts
Cholesterol
lipids found in all cell membranes (e.g.
prostaglandins)
Eicosanoids
modified triglycerides with glycerol, 2 fatty acids,
and phosphate group (PO4)
Phospholipids
only with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated fats
contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fats
solidified fats by addition of H atoms at carbon double bonds
Trans fats
fats when solid; oil if liquid, yields large amounts of energy
Triglycerides
