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Dev. Psych 251 > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

two germ cells in humans

A

sperm and ovum

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2
Q

explain meiosis

A

cell division resulting in germ cell containing 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

how many average sperm are released during sex? how many make it to the egg? how long does it take?

A
  • 500 milli
  • 200
  • 6-7 hours
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4
Q

zygote

A
  • fertilized egg
  • occurs in upper third portion of fallopian tubes
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5
Q

three main stages of prenatal development

A
  • germinal period (weeks 0-2)
  • embryonic period (weeks 3-8)
  • fetal period (weeks 9-birth)
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6
Q

what period does the zygote divide rapidly

A

germinal

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7
Q

Approximately ________ after fertilization, the zygote enters the uterus from the fallopian tube.

A

4-5 days

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8
Q

blastocyst

A
  • further developed version of zygote
  • forms as a hollow ball of cells
  • implants into walls of uterus
  • when fully formed (1 week), shows the end of germinal period
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9
Q

what with the embryonic period

A
  • cell differentiation
  • organ systems forming
  • by the end: bodily systems are functioning
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10
Q

what pattern of dev does embryonic dev follow

A
  • cephalocaudal
  • areas near head dev first
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11
Q

embryonic layers

A
  • ectoderm (becomes nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, eye lens, epidermis)
  • mesoderm (becomes muscles, bones, circulatory system, skin)
  • endoderm (becomes digestive system, lungs urinary tract, glands)
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12
Q

what period does the neural tube form?

A
  • embryonic
  • created when ectoderm folds in on itself=u shaped groove
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13
Q

embryo support system

A
  • amnoitic sac (protective liquid sac, where embryo floats, maintains constant temp)
  • placenta (protective, allows for nutrients, oxygen + waste to pass through, prevents mom’s blood mixing w baby’s blood)
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14
Q

when does the fetus becomes more active? when can the mom feel the fetus?

A
  • fetal period
  • 11-12 weeks
  • can be felt at 16 weeks
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15
Q

when does fetus begin putting on weight and facial expressions

A
  • 20 weeks
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16
Q

what is the age of viability

A
  • 23 weeks, when brain and lungs are developed enough for survival w out major medical intervention
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17
Q

what three aspects make up the fetal experience?

A
  • movement (active fetus=active newborn)
  • sensory experiences (visual, taste, tactile, auditory, smell)
  • learning (habituation and dishabituation)
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18
Q

when do all the major organ systems become fully integrated w one another

A

fetal period

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19
Q

cell division that produces germ cells

A

meiosis

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20
Q

the outermost layer of cells of an embryo in early development, which includes nerve cells

A

ectoderm

21
Q

a support organ for the fetus that consists of semi-permeable membrane

A

placenta

22
Q

the middle layer of cells of an embryo in early development, which includes the bones

A

mesoderm

23
Q

the innermost layer of cells of an embryo in early development, which includes the lungs

A

endoderm

24
Q

what period ends at implantation

A

germinal

25
Q

three layers of cells form during which period

A

embryonic

26
Q

teratogen definition and examples

A
  • anything that can harm dev
  • ex chemicals, meds, recreational drugs, alcohol, nicotine, some viruses and bacteria, maternal health
27
Q

what does the impact a teratogen will have depend on

A
  • dosage
  • type of teratogen
  • timing of exposure
  • duration of exposure
  • genetics of mother/fetus
28
Q

when does exposure to teratogens become likely to cause physiological defects or minor structural abnormalities?

A

fetal period

29
Q

when does exposure to teratogens become likely to cause major structural abnormalities?

A

embryonic period, major organ systems are rapidly developing

30
Q

dose response relationship

A

high dose=higher chance of defects

31
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46, divided into 23 pairs

32
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

33
Q

t or f: genes code for specific behaviours

A

f: genes code for proteins, NOT for specific behaviors
- proteins are key role in determining a cell’s characteristics/functions

34
Q

what are the bodys basic building blocks?

A

protein

35
Q

order in size from small to large:
- chromosomes
- DNA
-Genes

A

DNA, genes, chromosomes

36
Q

different forms of the same gene

A

alleles

37
Q

what is more responsible for human traits? mendelain patterns or polygenic inheritance?

A

polygenic inheritance
(a characteristic, such as height or skin colour, that is influenced by two or more genes, combo of dominate and recessive genes)

38
Q

geneotype vs phenotype

A

genotype: set of genes that organisms carry
phenotype: observable, expressed characteristics influenced by genes and enviro

39
Q

how does enviro effect genes

A

environmental experiences leave “marks” on our genetic information that changes how they are expressed

40
Q

monozygotic vs dizygotic twins

A

-monozygotic: identical 100% genetically similar
- dizygotic: fraternal, 50% genetically similar

41
Q

what do heritability estimates range from?

A

0-1
0=not heritable
1= 100% heritable

42
Q

t or f: heritability talks about individuals

A

false: it talks about populations, it is abstract

43
Q

neurogenesis

A
  • begins 3-4 weeks after conception
  • ends by weeks 18-20
  • new neurons forming in brain
  • at peak: 250 000 neurons per min
44
Q

neural migration

A
  • 6-24 weeks
  • neurons move to adult locations in brain
45
Q

myelination

A
  • 3rd trimester-adulthood
  • growing/differentiating neruons
  • dev mylein sheath
46
Q

synaptogenesis

A
  • 3rd trimester-adulthood
  • neurons talking to each other through synapses
  • form synapses
  • trillions of connections
47
Q

synaptic pruning

A
  • elimination of certain synapses
  • 40% of synapses that develop are eliminated
48
Q

two types of plasticity

A
  • experience-expectant:
  • experience-dependant:
49
Q

plasticity

A
  • way enviro interacts w organism to influence dev

Dev. Psych 251 (6 decks)

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