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BIOL1020 Final > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a replisome?

A

The complex of enzymes and other proteins that synthesize DNA

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2
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes blank

A

Single stranded RNA

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3
Q

Where does RNA polymerase fine to during transcription and bacteria

A

Promoter

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4
Q

Sing a factor recognizes blank

A

Promoter

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5
Q

The five prime and is capped with methylene guanine derivative

A

True

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6
Q

True or false the three prime and has the poly a tail

A

True

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7
Q

What is signal transduction do?

A

Transmits information from outside of the salt inside and allows cells to monitor and react

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8
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Some organisms can sense density of their population and allows cells to activate jeans, useful with critical mass, some contact interfere with signaling molecules of other species

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9
Q

Which strand of DNA synthesized continuously and discontinuously

A

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, why the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously

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10
Q

 what’s an example of a response regulator?

A

Phosphate group is transferred from sensors. Example includes E. coli using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor

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11
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Antigenic variation is alteration of characteristics of surface proteins. It allows pathogens to stay one step ahead of the host defenses.

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12
Q

Give an example of antigenic variation

A

This N. Gonorrhoeae has many jeans for pilin , the proteins subunits of Pili

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13
Q

What type of enzymes are synthesized continuously?

A

Constitutive

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14
Q

Give an example of constitutive enzymes

A

Enzymes of glycolysis

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15
Q

Which enzymes are not routinely produced

A

Inducible

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16
Q

Give a clear explanation of inducible enzymes

A

They are enzymes that are not routinely produced. Therefore, they are synthesized only when needed, and example is beta galactosidase, which is turned on only when lactose is present the purpose of these enzymes are to avoid waste of resources.

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17
Q

What are enzymes that are produced routinely

A

Repressible enzymes

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18
Q

Give a definition of a pestle enzymes, and include an example

A

Repressible enzymes are produced routinely. They are turned off when not required an example of anabolic pathways, such as amino acid synthesis.

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19
Q

What are the two most common ways to control transcription?

A

Alternative sigma factors in DNA binding proteins

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20
Q

Describe alternative sigma factors

A

Please component of RNA polymerase that recognize a specific promoters for genes that are expressed during routine growth conditions

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21
Q

Correlation in blank is controlled by multiple different alternative sigma factors

A

Bacillus subtilis

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22
Q

What happens in the repressor is bind to the operator specifically what happens to transcription

A

Transcription is blocked

23
Q

What happens to transcription when the inducer binds to the repressor

A

Transcription occurs because the end-user is blocking the repressor from finding to the operator

24
Q

What happens in the co repressor binds to the repressor

A

Transcription is turned off

25
Q

Describe the properties of staphylococcus Aureas.

A

Gram-positive caucus commonly called staph.

26
Q

Which bacteria is typically a frequent cause of skin wound infections

A

Staphylococcus aureus

27
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus tested with ?

A

Penicillin like anabiotics

28
Q

What are auxotroph’s?

A

A group of organisms that lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for their growth going to the presence of mutations

29
Q

What is a Prototroph?

A

Any microorganism that synthesize its nutrients from inorganic material

30
Q

True or false base substitutions are more common in aerobic environments

A

True

31
Q

Reactive, oxygen species

A

A type of unstable molecule that contains oxygen and easily reacts with other molecules in a cell

32
Q

DNA polymerase often miss pairs with blank

A

Adenine

33
Q

Imitation the inactivates genes is termed a

A

Null or knockout mutation

34
Q

An agent that induces a change is blank

A

Mutagen

35
Q

 Nitrous acid converts, blank to blank

A

Cytosine to uracil

36
Q

Alkylating agents, add blank groups onto nucleobases

A

Alkyl groups

37
Q

What is a common intercalating agent?

A

Ethidium bromide

38
Q

What is used to treat malaria?

A

Chloroquine

39
Q

What is phase variation?

A

It involves switching genes on and off

40
Q

What does glycosylase do in modification of nucleobases in DNA?

A

 Glycosylase removes oxidized nucleobases

41
Q

How are mutants isolated?

A

Direct selection which involves the cells inoculated onto a medium that supports growth of mutant, but not parrot

42
Q

What does indirect selection?

A

Isolates auxotroph from Proto trophic parents strain

43
Q

What does the Ames test measure?

A

It measures the effect of chemical on reverse rate of histidine requiring Salmonella auxotroph

44
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

The movement of genetic information between organisms a process that includes the spread of antibiotic resistant genes among bacteria

45
Q

Describe the process of transformation in DNA

A

Bacteria takes up circular, plasmid, DNA rounding environment from the surrounding environment 

46
Q

What is the process of transduction?

A

DNA enclosed in a bacteriophage coat

47
Q

Process of conjugation

A

DNA transfer between bacterial cells

48
Q

What is transduction?

A

Bacteria DNA that is transferred to other bacteria through viruses

49
Q

Which method of gene transfer uses bacteriophages

A

Transduction

50
Q

True or false plasmids have a host range of Graham negative and gram-positive bacteria

A

True

51
Q

What are R plasmids?

A

Resistance plasmids are responsible for resistance to drugs/ antibiotics

52
Q

What are F plasmids?

A

Extra chromosome, or DNA that contains genes coding for fertility factor

53
Q

What does Argobacterium tumefaciens cause?

A

Grown gall (causes a plant tumor) when injected into plants

54
Q

Engineer, plants and animals are termed

A

Transgenic

BIOL1020 Final (3 decks)

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