Module 2

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia)

Question 2

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells

Question 3

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 3

main problems are insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

Question 4

Risk factors of diabetes

Answer 4

family history, obesity (BMI> or = 25kg/m2), > or = to 45 years old, and ethnicity (african american, Latino, Native, Asian, and Pacific Islander) sedentary lifestyle, HTN over 140/90, history a GDM or birthing a baby weighing over 9 lbs, High HDL levels, and previous impaired glucose or intolerance fasting glucose

Question 5

The 3 p’s of diabetes

Answer 5

1. polyuria- a lot of urination
2. polydipsia- thirsty
3. polyphagia- hungry

Question 6

Urinalysis and antibody test

Answer 6

no ketones, protein, albumin, etc in the urine a ketone count of over 300 in the urine is considered an emergency

Question 7

Diabetes management

Answer 7

when a diabetic patient is sick we check their blood sugar every 4 hours, infection, stress, trauma can cause a person’s blood sugar to increase

Question 8

Hypoglycemia

Answer 8

blood glucose is less than 50-60mg/dL, can be caused by too much insulin or too little food, and we would typically give glucagon to make the blood sugars go up

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 9

unable to concentrate, drowsy, headache, lightheaded, confusion, memory lapse, numbness of lips and tongue, slurred speech, emotional changes

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia

Answer 10

thirst, dry mouth, lethargy, blurred vision, frequent urination, recurrent mouth bladder or skin infection

Question 11

Diabetic management with insulin

Answer 11

knowing how to administer insulin, long-acting cannot be mixed, clear normal insulin is the only one given IV

Question 12

Insulin administration

Answer 12

roll NPH… Inject air into NPH, inject air into regular, withdraw regular, withdraw NPH

Question 13

Biguanides

Answer 13

Metformin- inhibits the production of glucose by the liver. Can cause lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia, causing diarrhea, and needs to be held 24-48 hours prior to or after the use of iodinated contrast

Question 14

Diabetic macrovascular complications (long-term)

Answer 14

can cause thick walls of blood vessels, and can lead to plaque buildup which results in CAD, PVD, etc… symptoms can include diabetic retinopathy/ neuropathy, and nephropathy, as well as complications of the feet and legs

Question 15

Thyroid gland

Answer 15

produces T3 and T4 which controls cellular metabolic activity, also calcitonin reduces plasma levels of Ca+ by increasing its deposition in bone (TSH is thyroid stimulating hormone which is produced in the anterior pituitary gland

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

T3 and T4 are up and TSH is low. May see signs of goiter, exophthalmos, increased T, HR, BP, decreased weight, heat intolerance, diarrhea, diaphoresis, and irritability ( treatment: PTU inhibits synthesis of T3 and T4, radioactive iodine)

Question 17

Parathyroid gland removal

Answer 17

can have an effect on a person’s calcium which in turn can cause Trousseau’s (gang sign with inflatable bp cuff), Chovestek’s (cheek)

Question 18

Hypothyroidism

Answer 18

T3 and T4 are low and TSH is up. may see extreme myxedema, decreased metabolism, decreased body temp, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia (long-term leads to cardiac issues due to elevated cholesterol levels with hypothyroidism)

Question 19

Treatments for hypothyroidism

Answer 19

levothyroxine, liothyronine