Module 2 Flashcards
Viewpoint
Stand
these are statements that support the author’s stand; ARGUMENT
Claims
these are proofs to strengthen the author’s claim
Evidence
an error in reasoning which weakens an argument
Fallacy
arguments opposing a stand
Counterclaims
What are the three important facts/elements?
- Stand
- Claim, argument
- Credible sources
ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN
ARGUMENT.
Logical Fallacies
What are the 22 Logical Fallacies?
- False Dilemma
- Appeal to Ignorance
- Slippery Slope
- Complex Question
- Appeal to Force
- Appeal to Pity
- Appeal to Consequences
- Bandwagon
- Attacking the Person
- Appeal to Authority
- Anonymous Authority
- Hasty Generalization
- False Analogy
- Accident
- Post Hoc
- Wrong Direction
- Complex Cause
- Irrelevant Conclusion
- Straw Man
- Affirming the Consequent
- Denying the
Antecede - Inconsistency
Occurs when an arguer presents
his/her argument as one of only
two options despite the
presence of multiple
possibilities
False Dilemma
Occurs when something is
instantly concluded to be true
just because it is not proven to
be false, and vice versa
Appeal to Ignorance
Occurs when a series of
increasingly superficial and
unacceptable consequences is
drawn
Slippery Slope
Occurs when two or more
points are rolled into one and
the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time,
when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is
not
Complex Question
Occurs when a threat, instead of
reasoning is used to argue
Appeal to Force
Occurs when the element of
pity is used instead of logical
reasoning
Appeal to Pity
Occurs when unpleasant
consequences of believing
something are pointed out to
show that the belief is false
Appeal to Consequences
Occurs when an argument is
considered to be valid because
it is what the majority thinks
Bandwagon
Occurs when someone tries to
refute an argument by attacking
the character of a person instead
of attacking the ideas of the
argument
Attacking the Person
Occurs when the argument
quotes an expert who’s not
qualified in the particular
subject matter
Appeal to Authority
The authority in question is not
mentioned or named
Anonymous Authority
Occurs when a sample is not
significant enough to support a
generalization about a
population
Hasty Generalization
Occurs when a writer assumes
that two concepts that are
similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways
False Analogy
Occurs when a general rule is
applied to a situation, even
when it should be an exception
Accident
It is an informal fallacy that states: “Since event A followed event B, event A must have been caused by event B.”
Post Hoc
Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed
Wrong Direction
Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event
Complex Cause
Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event
Complex Cause
Occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead.
Irrelevant Conclusion
Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
Straw Man
Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is true
Affirming the Consequent
Any argument of the form: If A is true then B id true; If A is not true then B is not true
Denying the Antecedent
Occurs when arguments contradict one another
Inconsistency
“Either you fully devote yourself to company or you quit.”
False Dilemma
The writer does not talk about the connection between the victim’s killer and his sister, so there must be none.
Appeal to Ignorance
If we ban computer shops, then students will not be able to do research. And if they do not have tools for research, these students will fail their subjects.
Slippery Slope
“Have you stopped cheating on exams?”
Complex Question
“If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group.”
Appeal to Force
“Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a special child to support.”
Appeal to Pity
“You can’t believe that colonialism is bad, because if it were, then we would not be civilized.”
Appeal to Consequences
“Most Filipinas want to
have fair skin because
they think they look
beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be
the real standard of
beauty.”
Bandwagon
“I cannot accept your
argument because, unlike
me, you were not educated
at Harvard University.”
Attacking the Person
“Bill Gates, the co-founder
of Microsoft, recommends
the effective fabric
softening properties of
Downy fabric softener.”
Appeal to Authority
“Experts claim that eating
peanuts causes pimples.”
Anonymous Authority
“Martha, the foreigner from
France is very impolite.
French people are mean
and rude.”
Hasty Generalization
“Drugs are like massages:
they make you feel good.”
False Analogy
“Jaywalking is not allowed,
so you should not have
done that even when you
were being chased by
terrorists.”
Accident
“Dina saw cat when they
went home. Along the
way, they crashed into a
tree. The black cat must be
the reason why they met
an accident”
Post Hoc
“Liver damage leads to
alcoholism.”
Wrong Direction
“We were not able to solve
the problem because of
limited time, even if all the
other groups were able to
do so.”
Complex Cause
“We must support the fight
for gender equality between men and women. Women have suffered
enough violence at home.
Violence against women
must be stopped.”
Irrelevant Conclusion
“Opponent: We should
relax the law governing
the allowed smoking areas
in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do
so, because the number of
smokers might increase.”
Straw Man
“If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you have a
problem, you are drinking
wine.”
Affirming the Consequent
“If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you are not
drinking wine, you do not
have a problem.”
Denying the Antecedent
Frank is older than Jake,
Jake is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank
Inconsistency
