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EAPP 2nd Quarter > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Viewpoint

A

Stand

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2
Q

these are statements that support the author’s stand; ARGUMENT

A

Claims

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3
Q

these are proofs to strengthen the author’s claim

A

Evidence

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4
Q

an error in reasoning which weakens an argument

A

Fallacy

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5
Q

arguments opposing a stand

A

Counterclaims

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6
Q

What are the three important facts/elements?

A
  1. Stand
  2. Claim, argument
  3. Credible sources
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7
Q

ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN
ARGUMENT.

A

Logical Fallacies

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8
Q

What are the 22 Logical Fallacies?

A
  1. False Dilemma
  2. Appeal to Ignorance
  3. Slippery Slope
  4. Complex Question
  5. Appeal to Force
  6. Appeal to Pity
  7. Appeal to Consequences
  8. Bandwagon
  9. Attacking the Person
  10. Appeal to Authority
  11. Anonymous Authority
  12. Hasty Generalization
  13. False Analogy
  14. Accident
  15. Post Hoc
  16. Wrong Direction
  17. Complex Cause
  18. Irrelevant Conclusion
  19. Straw Man
  20. Affirming the Consequent
  21. Denying the
    Antecede
  22. Inconsistency
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9
Q

Occurs when an arguer presents
his/her argument as one of only
two options despite the
presence of multiple
possibilities

A

False Dilemma

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10
Q

Occurs when something is
instantly concluded to be true
just because it is not proven to
be false, and vice versa

A

Appeal to Ignorance

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11
Q

Occurs when a series of
increasingly superficial and
unacceptable consequences is
drawn

A

Slippery Slope

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12
Q

Occurs when two or more
points are rolled into one and
the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time,
when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is
not

A

Complex Question

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13
Q

Occurs when a threat, instead of
reasoning is used to argue

A

Appeal to Force

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14
Q

Occurs when the element of
pity is used instead of logical
reasoning

A

Appeal to Pity

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15
Q

Occurs when unpleasant
consequences of believing
something are pointed out to
show that the belief is false

A

Appeal to Consequences

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16
Q

Occurs when an argument is
considered to be valid because
it is what the majority thinks

A

Bandwagon

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17
Q

Occurs when someone tries to
refute an argument by attacking
the character of a person instead
of attacking the ideas of the
argument

A

Attacking the Person

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18
Q

Occurs when the argument
quotes an expert who’s not
qualified in the particular
subject matter

A

Appeal to Authority

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19
Q

The authority in question is not
mentioned or named

A

Anonymous Authority

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20
Q

Occurs when a sample is not
significant enough to support a
generalization about a
population

A

Hasty Generalization

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21
Q

Occurs when a writer assumes
that two concepts that are
similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways

A

False Analogy

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22
Q

Occurs when a general rule is
applied to a situation, even
when it should be an exception

A

Accident

23
Q

It is an informal fallacy that states: “Since event A followed event B, event A must have been caused by event B.”

A

Post Hoc

24
Q

Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed

A

Wrong Direction

25
Q

Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event

A

Complex Cause

26
Q

Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event

A

Complex Cause

27
Q

Occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead.

A

Irrelevant Conclusion

28
Q

Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute

A

Straw Man

29
Q

Any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If B is true therefore A is true

A

Affirming the Consequent

30
Q

Any argument of the form: If A is true then B id true; If A is not true then B is not true

A

Denying the Antecedent

31
Q

Occurs when arguments contradict one another

A

Inconsistency

32
Q

“Either you fully devote yourself to company or you quit.”

A

False Dilemma

33
Q

The writer does not talk about the connection between the victim’s killer and his sister, so there must be none.

A

Appeal to Ignorance

34
Q

If we ban computer shops, then students will not be able to do research. And if they do not have tools for research, these students will fail their subjects.

A

Slippery Slope

35
Q

“Have you stopped cheating on exams?”

A

Complex Question

36
Q

“If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group.”

A

Appeal to Force

37
Q

“Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a special child to support.”

A

Appeal to Pity

38
Q

“You can’t believe that colonialism is bad, because if it were, then we would not be civilized.”

A

Appeal to Consequences

39
Q

“Most Filipinas want to
have fair skin because
they think they look
beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be
the real standard of
beauty.”

A

Bandwagon

40
Q

“I cannot accept your
argument because, unlike
me, you were not educated
at Harvard University.”

A

Attacking the Person

41
Q

“Bill Gates, the co-founder
of Microsoft, recommends
the effective fabric
softening properties of
Downy fabric softener.”

A

Appeal to Authority

42
Q

“Experts claim that eating
peanuts causes pimples.”

A

Anonymous Authority

43
Q

“Martha, the foreigner from
France is very impolite.
French people are mean
and rude.”

A

Hasty Generalization

44
Q

“Drugs are like massages:
they make you feel good.”

A

False Analogy

45
Q

“Jaywalking is not allowed,
so you should not have
done that even when you
were being chased by
terrorists.”

A

Accident

46
Q

“Dina saw cat when they
went home. Along the
way, they crashed into a
tree. The black cat must be
the reason why they met
an accident”

A

Post Hoc

47
Q

“Liver damage leads to
alcoholism.”

A

Wrong Direction

48
Q

“We were not able to solve
the problem because of
limited time, even if all the
other groups were able to
do so.”

A

Complex Cause

49
Q

“We must support the fight
for gender equality between men and women. Women have suffered
enough violence at home.
Violence against women
must be stopped.”

A

Irrelevant Conclusion

50
Q

“Opponent: We should
relax the law governing
the allowed smoking areas
in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do
so, because the number of
smokers might increase.”

A

Straw Man

51
Q

“If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you have a
problem, you are drinking
wine.”

A

Affirming the Consequent

52
Q

“If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you are not
drinking wine, you do not
have a problem.”

A

Denying the Antecedent

53
Q

Frank is older than Jake,
Jake is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank

A

Inconsistency

EAPP 2nd Quarter (4 decks)

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