Module 2 Flashcards
What biological process explains Mendel’s law?
Meiosis
What are the products of segregation after meiosis?
4 chromatids
What is segregation?
A mechanism to generate variability
How many possible random segregation combinations are there for humans?
2^23 = 8,388,608
What is the unit of segregation?
Chromosomes
What is the determinant factor for male reproductive development?
SRY gene
What are female chromosomes?
XX
What are male chromosomes?
XY
What would cause femaleness in XY individuals?
Deletion of the SRY gene
What is an example of X-linked recessive?
Colour blindness and hemophilia
What is an example of X-linked dominant?
Vitamin D resistant, brown teeth enamel
What do gene mutations affect?
Typically one gene
What is a large-scale chromosome change?
Chromosome mutation that affects many genes, leads to structural differences that can be detected using microscope
What is a karotype?
A collection all chromosomes (with a specific number and structure) of a species or individual in condensed state
What are cytogenetics?
Geneticists use stains to identify specific chromosomes and to analyze structures
What is a euploid?
Having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a monoploid number (1n)
What is a polyploid?
Extra copies of each chromosome of species (>2n, diploid, triploid, tetraploid)
What is an aneuploid?
Abnormal number of one or more chromosomes
What is the definition of monosomic?
One missing chromosome compared to 2n wild type
What are the effects of polyploids?
Part of normal development of certain tissues and organisms (human muscle tissue, bone marrow
What are the results of monoploids?
Part of normal development in some insects (wasps, bees), males are 1n, females are 2n
What are the results of monosomic?
Part of normal development in some organisms, sex determination in some nematodes (XX and XO)