Module 1 Flashcards
What is a controlled cross?
Breeding of two different individuals that result in offspring that carry part of the genetic material from each parent
What is a monohybrid cross?
Crosses of two varieties of true-breeding plants that differ in one character
What is Mendel’s first law?
Law of Segregation
What is law of segregation?
Alleles of a gene separate independently from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
What is the principle of dominance?
One allele may conceal the presence of the other
What is the principle of segregation?
Two different alleles segregate from each other during gamete formation
What is a test cross?
Cross of a plant with a homozygous recessive genotype and an unknown genotype
What is the multiplication rule?
If the events A and B are independent, the probability they will occur together is P(A)xP(B)
What is the additive rule?
If the events A and B are independent, the probability that only one of them occurs
P(A)+P(B) - [P(A)xP(B)]
What is a recombinant phenotype?
Random assortment of dominant and recessive allele in the F1 gametes will produce two F2 phenotypes that were unseen in the P0 and F1
What is the second Mendelian law?
Law of independent assortment
What is the law of independent assortment?
Alleles of two or more genes segregate independently during transmission from parent to offspring
What is the F2 frequency of phenotypes?
9:3:3:1
Chi-Square text formula
x^2 = E(Observed-Expected)^2
/Expected
What is the Chi-Square test used for?
Testing a hypothesis or a null hypothesis, often used to discard Mendelian inheritance
How many chromosomes does a human have?
46, 23 pairs
What is a pedigree?
Diagrams that show relationships among members of a family and represent the inheritance pattern of a specific character or condition
What is a recessive mutation?
Most common causes of human genetic diseases, recessive alleles must be homozygous to show the mutation
What are two examples of a recessive mutation in humans?
Albinism and cystic fibrosis
What is haplo-insufficiency?
One good copy of a gene does not make enough gene product
What is an example of a dominant mutation in humans?
Dwarfism (Androplasia)
If unaffected parents can’t have an affected child, what kind of trait is it?
Dominant trait
If unaffected parents can have an affected child, what kind of trait is it?
Recessive trait
What is genetic counselling used for?
Analyzing pedigrees allow genetic counsellors to assess risk of an individual inheriting that trait
