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BIO 226 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a controlled cross?

A

Breeding of two different individuals that result in offspring that carry part of the genetic material from each parent

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2
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

Crosses of two varieties of true-breeding plants that differ in one character

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3
Q

What is Mendel’s first law?

A

Law of Segregation

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4
Q

What is law of segregation?

A

Alleles of a gene separate independently from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

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5
Q

What is the principle of dominance?

A

One allele may conceal the presence of the other

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6
Q

What is the principle of segregation?

A

Two different alleles segregate from each other during gamete formation

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7
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Cross of a plant with a homozygous recessive genotype and an unknown genotype

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8
Q

What is the multiplication rule?

A

If the events A and B are independent, the probability they will occur together is P(A)xP(B)

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9
Q

What is the additive rule?

A

If the events A and B are independent, the probability that only one of them occurs
P(A)+P(B) - [P(A)xP(B)]

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10
Q

What is a recombinant phenotype?

A

Random assortment of dominant and recessive allele in the F1 gametes will produce two F2 phenotypes that were unseen in the P0 and F1

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11
Q

What is the second Mendelian law?

A

Law of independent assortment

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12
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Alleles of two or more genes segregate independently during transmission from parent to offspring

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13
Q

What is the F2 frequency of phenotypes?

A

9:3:3:1

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14
Q

Chi-Square text formula

A

x^2 = E(Observed-Expected)^2
/Expected

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15
Q

What is the Chi-Square test used for?

A

Testing a hypothesis or a null hypothesis, often used to discard Mendelian inheritance

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46, 23 pairs

17
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

Diagrams that show relationships among members of a family and represent the inheritance pattern of a specific character or condition

18
Q

What is a recessive mutation?

A

Most common causes of human genetic diseases, recessive alleles must be homozygous to show the mutation

19
Q

What are two examples of a recessive mutation in humans?

A

Albinism and cystic fibrosis

20
Q

What is haplo-insufficiency?

A

One good copy of a gene does not make enough gene product

21
Q

What is an example of a dominant mutation in humans?

A

Dwarfism (Androplasia)

22
Q

If unaffected parents can’t have an affected child, what kind of trait is it?

A

Dominant trait

23
Q

If unaffected parents can have an affected child, what kind of trait is it?

A

Recessive trait

24
Q

What is genetic counselling used for?

A

Analyzing pedigrees allow genetic counsellors to assess risk of an individual inheriting that trait

BIO 226 (4 decks)

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