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NUR 310 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

drug

A

any chemical that can affect a living process

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2
Q

pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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3
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat

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4
Q

How does a drug become a drug?

A

Research first in lab animals, then controlled trials in people. 4 phases: phase 1 given to small # of healthy ppl, phase 2 given to small # of diseased ppl, phase 3 given to large # of diseased ppl, and phase 4, FDA review for approval

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5
Q

chemical name

A

determined by chemical composition, generally complex and cumbersome (ex. 4-hydroxyacetanalide)

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6
Q

generic name

A

non-proprietary name related to chemical and usually indicates the classification (ex. acetaminophen)

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7
Q

brand name

A

proprietary name, designed and patented by a manufacturer (ex. Tylenol)

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8
Q

classification of drugs is grouped by

A

effect

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9
Q

prototype

A

drug that represents a classification, newer drugs are compared to and evolve but MOA is the same

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10
Q

classifying drug methods

A

by use (common but many drugs have more than one use), mechanism of action (explains all actions of the drugs), or by chemical structure (limited usefulness of providers)

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11
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the effect the body has on drugs

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12
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the effect the drug has on the body

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13
Q

ADME

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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14
Q

half life

A

time required for serum concentration to be reduced by 50%. Time it takes to remove half of the current concentration of drug out of the body, time it takes for it to drop to half of its maximum concentration

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15
Q

absorption

A

how drug gets into body fluids, process by which unchanged drug moves from administration site into the blood

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16
Q

distribution

A

where the drug goes to in the body, the site of action, the reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body

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17
Q

metabolism

A

how body chemically modifies drug into active or inactive metabolites, method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed (chemical mods)

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18
Q

excretion

A

how body gets rid of drug by various routes, elimination of med from body, the loss of chemically unchanged metabolites or drugs through urine, sweat, expired air, feces, or gut content

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19
Q

bioavailability

A

proportion of drug that reaches the systemic circulation intact

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20
Q

bioequivalence

A

2 formulations of the same drug that reach similar concentrations in blood tissues at similar times with no differences in therapeutic or adverse effects

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21
Q

volume distribution

A

relationship between drug concentration in the blood and the drug in the tissues of the body at the site of action

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22
Q

clearance

A

efficiency of irreversible elimination of a drug from the body

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23
Q

first pass clearance

A

the event to which a drug is removed by the liver during its passage in the portal blood through liver to system circulation

24
Q

drug response curve

A

simple chart with amt of drug on x axis and effect on the body on y axis, phase 1 flat (amt of drug not great enough to initiate response), phase 2 steady rise (increase in drug dose increases desired response), phase 3 plateau (any further increases in dose will not increase desired response)

25
Q

potency

A

concentration of a given drug that is required to produce a desired effect (lower concentration = higher potency)

26
Q

efficacy

A

maximum effect that a given drug will produce, regardless of dose

27
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

desensitzation to a drug that occurs very rapidly, sometimes with inital dose

28
Q

tolerance

A

more gradual loss of response to a drug that occurs over days or weeks

29
Q

receptors

A

proteins on cell surface that binds with drugs

30
Q

agonist

A

mimic/stimulate, produce an effect similar to endogenous substances

31
Q

antagonists

A

inhibit/block, inhibits cellular function by occupying a receptor site

32
Q

drug therapy variables

A

weight, gender, age, dosage frequency and amt, route (affects absorption and distribution)

33
Q

contraindications

A

drug is not advised based on a patient condition such as allergy, age, pregnancy, disease process, other pharmacotherapy

34
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

a noxious, unintended response to a medicine that occurs at normal therapeutic doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or the modification of physiologic function

35
Q

mild ADR

A

drowsy, nausea, itching, rash

36
Q

severe ADR

A

depression, anaphylaxis, hemorrhage

37
Q

serious adverse effect

A

any untoward medical occurrence that occurs at any dose and results in death, requires hospitalization, significant disability or is life threatening

38
Q

side effect

A

any unintended effect of a pharmaceutical product occurring at a nl therapeutic dose and is related to its pharmacological properties

39
Q

synergistic effect

A

interaction between 2+ drugs that causes the total effects of drug to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug

40
Q

antagonistic effect

A

interaction between 2+ chemicals that causes the total effect of the drugs to be less than the sum of the individual effects of each drug

41
Q

idiosyncratic (type B) reaction

A

reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably, usually with new exposure

42
Q

drug-drug interaction

A

two drugs react with each other any may cause an unexpected side effect

43
Q

drug-food/beverage interaction

A

drugs reacting with food or beverages (alcohol) and may include herbal and dietary supplements

44
Q

drug-condition interaction

A

existing medical condition

45
Q

pediatrics

A

pharmacodynamic variability r/t body composition, dosage based on weight, slower gastric emptying, increased CNS effect, immature kidney/liver - decreased metabolism and excretion

46
Q

geriatrics

A

decreased absorption, impaired distribution, altered metabolism, impaired excretion, med adherenc

47
Q

allergic responses

A

chain reaction that begins in immune system - immunoglobulin and expansion of T cells

48
Q

triggers

A

penicillin, sulfa drugs, anticonvulsants, NSAIDs, chemotherapy

49
Q

sign and symptoms

A

itchy skin, rash, issue in nose, lungs, throat, sinus, ears, stomach

50
Q

drug overdose

A

can occur with alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, accidental poisoning

51
Q

acetaminophen

A

acetylcysteine (mucomyst)

52
Q

benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

53
Q

Heparin

A

protamine sulfate

54
Q

opioid analgesics

A

naloxone (Narcan)

55
Q

Warfarin (coumadin)

A

vitamin K

56
Q

off-label use

A

prescribing a drug that is not approved by FDA for that use, typically there is evidence in literature that supports off-label use, adverse event could lead to legal action

57
Q

black box warnings

A

FDA mandated warning for drugs that may cause serious or life threatening adverse effects. Ex is Reglan

NUR 310 (5 decks)

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