Module 2 Flashcards
drug
any chemical that can affect a living process
pharmacology
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
pharmacotherapy
use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat
How does a drug become a drug?
Research first in lab animals, then controlled trials in people. 4 phases: phase 1 given to small # of healthy ppl, phase 2 given to small # of diseased ppl, phase 3 given to large # of diseased ppl, and phase 4, FDA review for approval
chemical name
determined by chemical composition, generally complex and cumbersome (ex. 4-hydroxyacetanalide)
generic name
non-proprietary name related to chemical and usually indicates the classification (ex. acetaminophen)
brand name
proprietary name, designed and patented by a manufacturer (ex. Tylenol)
classification of drugs is grouped by
effect
prototype
drug that represents a classification, newer drugs are compared to and evolve but MOA is the same
classifying drug methods
by use (common but many drugs have more than one use), mechanism of action (explains all actions of the drugs), or by chemical structure (limited usefulness of providers)
pharmacokinetics
the effect the body has on drugs
pharmacodynamics
the effect the drug has on the body
ADME
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
half life
time required for serum concentration to be reduced by 50%. Time it takes to remove half of the current concentration of drug out of the body, time it takes for it to drop to half of its maximum concentration
absorption
how drug gets into body fluids, process by which unchanged drug moves from administration site into the blood
distribution
where the drug goes to in the body, the site of action, the reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body
metabolism
how body chemically modifies drug into active or inactive metabolites, method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed (chemical mods)
excretion
how body gets rid of drug by various routes, elimination of med from body, the loss of chemically unchanged metabolites or drugs through urine, sweat, expired air, feces, or gut content
bioavailability
proportion of drug that reaches the systemic circulation intact
bioequivalence
2 formulations of the same drug that reach similar concentrations in blood tissues at similar times with no differences in therapeutic or adverse effects
volume distribution
relationship between drug concentration in the blood and the drug in the tissues of the body at the site of action
clearance
efficiency of irreversible elimination of a drug from the body
first pass clearance
the event to which a drug is removed by the liver during its passage in the portal blood through liver to system circulation
drug response curve
simple chart with amt of drug on x axis and effect on the body on y axis, phase 1 flat (amt of drug not great enough to initiate response), phase 2 steady rise (increase in drug dose increases desired response), phase 3 plateau (any further increases in dose will not increase desired response)
potency
concentration of a given drug that is required to produce a desired effect (lower concentration = higher potency)
efficacy
maximum effect that a given drug will produce, regardless of dose
tachyphylaxis
desensitzation to a drug that occurs very rapidly, sometimes with inital dose
tolerance
more gradual loss of response to a drug that occurs over days or weeks
receptors
proteins on cell surface that binds with drugs
agonist
mimic/stimulate, produce an effect similar to endogenous substances
antagonists
inhibit/block, inhibits cellular function by occupying a receptor site
drug therapy variables
weight, gender, age, dosage frequency and amt, route (affects absorption and distribution)
contraindications
drug is not advised based on a patient condition such as allergy, age, pregnancy, disease process, other pharmacotherapy
adverse drug reaction
a noxious, unintended response to a medicine that occurs at normal therapeutic doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or the modification of physiologic function
mild ADR
drowsy, nausea, itching, rash
severe ADR
depression, anaphylaxis, hemorrhage
serious adverse effect
any untoward medical occurrence that occurs at any dose and results in death, requires hospitalization, significant disability or is life threatening
side effect
any unintended effect of a pharmaceutical product occurring at a nl therapeutic dose and is related to its pharmacological properties
synergistic effect
interaction between 2+ drugs that causes the total effects of drug to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug
antagonistic effect
interaction between 2+ chemicals that causes the total effect of the drugs to be less than the sum of the individual effects of each drug
idiosyncratic (type B) reaction
reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably, usually with new exposure
drug-drug interaction
two drugs react with each other any may cause an unexpected side effect
drug-food/beverage interaction
drugs reacting with food or beverages (alcohol) and may include herbal and dietary supplements
drug-condition interaction
existing medical condition
pediatrics
pharmacodynamic variability r/t body composition, dosage based on weight, slower gastric emptying, increased CNS effect, immature kidney/liver - decreased metabolism and excretion
geriatrics
decreased absorption, impaired distribution, altered metabolism, impaired excretion, med adherenc
allergic responses
chain reaction that begins in immune system - immunoglobulin and expansion of T cells
triggers
penicillin, sulfa drugs, anticonvulsants, NSAIDs, chemotherapy
sign and symptoms
itchy skin, rash, issue in nose, lungs, throat, sinus, ears, stomach
drug overdose
can occur with alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, accidental poisoning
acetaminophen
acetylcysteine (mucomyst)
benzodiazepines
Flumazenil
Heparin
protamine sulfate
opioid analgesics
naloxone (Narcan)
Warfarin (coumadin)
vitamin K
off-label use
prescribing a drug that is not approved by FDA for that use, typically there is evidence in literature that supports off-label use, adverse event could lead to legal action
black box warnings
FDA mandated warning for drugs that may cause serious or life threatening adverse effects. Ex is Reglan
