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Anatomy and Physiology Lab II > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

State the major functions of the respiratory system.

A
  • To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide via:
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gases
  4. Internal Respiration
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2
Q

Describe the process of pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

A

Pulmonary ventilation: breathing - air flowing in (inhalation) and out (exhalation) of the lungs

External respiration: gas exchange between blood and air-filled chambers of the lungs

Internal respiration: exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells

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3
Q

Define negative pressure breathing.

A

Mechanical ventilation in which negative pressure is generated on the outside of the chest and transmitted to the interior to expand the lungs and allow air to flow in.

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4
Q

Describe the difference between anatomical structures in the upper and lower divisions.

A

Upper division = external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and paranasal sinuses

Lower division = larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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5
Q

Distinguish between the conducting and the respiratory zones.

A

Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)

Conducting zone: serves as access or exit routes to and from gas exchange chambers (respiratory passageways from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)

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6
Q

Recognize the histologic structure of the trachea and lung tissue.

A
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7
Q

Using the balloon model, be able to explain the mechanics of breathing.

A

When you pull down on the rubber, the space inside the bottle gets bigger and the air spreads out. You now have lower pressure inside the bottle, so the higher pressure outside pushes air in; the balloon is blocking the way, so it takes in the air. (This is like breathing in).

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8
Q

Know FIGURE 37.2 (know measurements (their abbreviations) and description. You do not have to memorize values.

A
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9
Q

Know figure 36.1 Know ALL structures. Also, know function of these structures using table 36.1.

A

Know figure 36.1 Know ALL structures. Also, know function of these structures using table 36.1.

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10
Q

Know figure 36.2 BOLD structures only. Also, know function of these structures using table 36.2.

A

Know figure 36.2 BOLD structures only. Also, know function of these structures using table 36.2.

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11
Q

Know figure 36.3 Know ALL structures. Be able to trace an oxygen molecule from the nostril to the alveoli.

A

Know figure 36.3 Know ALL structures. Be able to trace an oxygen molecule from the nostril to the alveoli.

Pathway of air: nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange)

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12
Q

Know figure 36.6. Recognize hyaline cartilage and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Know figure 36.6. Recognize hyaline cartilage and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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13
Q

Know figure 36.7. Be able to distinguish respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli and alveolar sac.

A

Know figure 36.7. Be able to distinguish respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli and alveolar sac.

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14
Q

Be able to identify all structures on Page 736, Figures D6.2 & D6.

A

Be able to identify all structures on Page 736, Figures D6.2 & D6.

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15
Q

1) What happens to the balloons (lungs) when the diaphragm is elevated? WHY?
2) What happens to the balloons when the diaphragm is pulled down? WHY?
3) What is “negative pressure breathing?”

A

1) What happens to the balloons (lungs) when the diaphragm is elevated? WHY?

Balloon/lungs deflates because increase pressure inside

2) What happens to the balloons when the diaphragm is pulled down? WHY?

​Balloon/lungs inflates because decreased pressure inside so air rushes in and fills the lungs

3) What is “negative pressure breathing?”

air moving from high to low pressure

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of being fit

A
  • Body composition
  • Muscular strength
  • Muscular endurance
  • Cardiovascular fitness
  • Flexibility
17
Q

Explain body mass index and its flaws.

A

BMI = a measure of body fat based on height and weight

Flaws = does not take into account the person’s body fat versus muscle (lean tissue) content and age, sex, ethnicity, and muscle mass can influence the relationship between BMI and body fat.

18
Q

Explain the dangers of obesity.

A

increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes and certain cancers.

19
Q

Be able to calculate: BMI, Recommended Weight, Waist to Hip Ratio

A

waist at its smallest / hip size at its largest (.8=women and 1=men healthy)

20
Q

Purpose & result:

  • Ballon blowing exercise =
  • Sitting rising test =
  • Plank test =
  • Harvard step test =
A

Purpose & result:

  • Ballon blowing exercise = Exercise and strengthen respiratory and postural muscles
  • Sitting rising test = 10pt scale - 1 pt substrates if body part used for support 1/2 pt for loss of balance
  • Plank test = >6 min is excellent <15 very poor
  • Harvard step test = 5 min of bench stepping (20 in high for m 16 for f)
21
Q

State the overall function of the digestive system.

A

To provide the body with:

  • nutrients
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption of food
  • eliminate undigested food as feces
22
Q

Describe the general structure of the alimentary canal wall, and identify the following structures: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.

A
  • mucosa = moist layer of epithelium lining alimentary canal lumen
  • submucosa = moderately dense 2nd layer; areolar connective tissue just external to mucosa
  • muscularis externa = Bilayer of smooth muscle, with the inner running circularly and the outer running longitudinally
  • serosa = outer 4th layer; protective visceral peritoneum of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium
23
Q

Identify and explain the functions of the digestive organs in a dissected cat.

A
24
Q

Name and identify the accessory digestive organs.

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
25
Q

Describe the anatomy of the generalized tooth.

A

The tooth has two anatomical parts, the crown and the root. The crown is the top part that is exposed and visible above the gum (gingiva). It is covered with enamel, which protects the underlying dentine. The root of a tooth descends below the gum line anchoring the tooth in the mouth.

26
Q

Recognize microscopically the structure of the following: stomach, submandibular, sublingual glands, liver and tooth.

A
27
Q

Know information related to TEETH. Page 578 – 580.

A
28
Q

Don’t forget TABLE 38.1

A
29
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS: Be able to identify SEROUS from MUCOUS glands.

A
30
Q

TOOTH: CROWN, ENAMEL, DENTIN, PULP, NECK, ROOT, CEMENTUM, ROOT CANAL

A
31
Q

STOMACH: Know the 4 layers seen throughout the alimentary canal.

A
32
Q

LIVER: Identify a LOBULE, PORTAL TRIAD (portal venule, hepatic arteriole and bile duct), HEPATOCYTES, SINUSOIDS, and KUPFFER CELLS.

A

Anatomy and Physiology Lab II (2 decks)

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