Module 1 Flashcards
Name the two major components of blood
Name the two major components of blood
Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma.
Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma.
Composition = non living fluid matrix in blood composed of water, salts (electrolytes), plasma protein, nutrients, waste (urea), hormones, O2 and CO2
Function = blood clotting, transportation, pH balance, immunity, body temperature, and blood pressure
Define formed elements, and list the cell types composing them, know their relative percentages and describe their major function.
Define formed elements, and list the cell types composing them, know their relative percentages and describe their major function.
Formed elements = cells and cell fragments in the blood
Relative percentage = 45%
Types of formed elements:
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) = transport O2 and CO2 (4-6 million per mm³ of blood)
- Leukocyes (WBCs) = defense and immunity (4800-10,800 per mm³ of blood)
- Platelets = blood clotting (150,000-400,000 per mm³ of blood)
Identify all formed elements under the scope.
Define differential white blood cell count, hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, and anemia.
Define differential white blood cell count, hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, and anemia.
Differential WBC count = the percentage of each type of WBC in blood
Hematocrit = the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood
Leukocytosis = increase of WBC count (over 11,000 cells/mm³)
Leukopenia = decrease in WBC count (less than 4,000 cells/mm³)
Leukemia = malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues (increase in WBCs)
Polycythemia = increase in the number of RBCs
Anemia = decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood (may result from decrease in RBCs)
Describe the tunics of blood vessels and state function of each layer.
Describe the tunics of blood vessels and state function of each layer.
Tunica Intima = inner layer, lines lumen of vessel, composed of endothelium - helps decrease resistance to blood flow
Tunica Media = middle coat, composed of smooth muscle and elastin - alters blood flow and blood pressure
Tunica Externa = outermost tunic, composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue - supports and protects
Know differences and similarities between arteries, veins and capillaries.
Know differences and similarities between arteries, veins and capillaries.
Location = arteries and veins - from heart to rest of body … capillaries - connects arteries and veins
Blood = arteries - O2 blood … veins - deO2 blood … capillaries - both
Valves = veins - valves … arteries and capillaries - no valves
Wall layers = arteries and veins - all 3 … capillaries -1 (tunica intima)
Recognize structures of an artery/vein in a microscopic view.
Recognize structures of an artery/vein in a microscopic view.
Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries (decrease in elasticity of blood vessels)
Atherosclerosis = accumulation of plaque on the inside of blood vessels
Define and know healthy values of: HDL, LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Define and know healthy values of: HDL, LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides.
HDL = “good cholesterol” takes cholesterol to the liver to be disposed off since it can’t be dissolved in the blood >50mg/DL
LDL = “bad cholesterol” - can increase risk of plaque buildup <100mg/DL
Cholesterol = a type of fat made by the body from saturated fat - less tha 200mg/DL
Triglycerides= <150mg/DL
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.
Describe the location of the heart
Describe the location of the heart
Within the mediastinum of the thorax
Name and describe the linings and coverings of the heart
Name and describe the linings and coverings of the heart
Pericardium (external) = double-walled fluid-filled sac - covers heart
Epicardium (outer) = serous membrane comprised of connective tissue - reduces friction
Myocardium (middle) = cardiac muscle tissue - pumps blood out of heart chamber
Endocardium (inner) = epithelium and connective tissue - covers heart valves
Identify assigned structures in the pig heart
Identify assigned structures in the pig heart
Explain why the heart is considered a dual pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Explain why the heart is considered a dual pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Dual pump = because each half of the heart pumps blood to the different circulatory systems
Pulmonary Circuit = blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Systemic Circuit = blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues
Trace a drop of blood through the adult and fetal heart
Trace a drop of blood through the adult and fetal heart
Adult = deO2 blood to SVC/IVC and coronary sinus → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs (blood unloads CO2 and picks up O2)
THEN
O2 blood in pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → O2 blood to body
Fetal = ductus arteriosum → ligamentum arteriosum → foramen ovale → fossa ovalis → ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum → umbillical vein → ligamentum teres → umbillical arteries → median umbillical ligaments
Identify and explain fetal heart structures
Umbilical Vein =
Umbilical Arteries =
Ductus Venosus =
Foramen Ovale =
Ductus Arteriosus =
Coronary Sinus =
Identify and explain fetal heart structures
Umbilical Vein = carries blood-rich nutrients and O2 to fetus
Umbilical Arteries = carry blood with CO2 and waste from fetus to placenta
Ductus Venosus = carries blood to right atrium
Foramen Ovale = flaplike opening i between left and right atrium
Ductus Arteriosus = short vessel connecting pulmonary trunk and aorta
Coronary Sinus = collection of veins joined together that collect deoxygenated blood from the myocardium of the heart
Describe the histology of cardiac muscle, and state the importance of its intercalated discs and the spiral arrangement of cells
Describe the histology of cardiac muscle, and state the importance of its intercalated discs and the spiral arrangement of cells
Histology = striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs and under involuntary control
Intercalated disc importance = allows electrical signals to pass between cells
Spiral arrangement of cells importance = for strength - when heart contracts, internal chambers become smaller forcing blood into large arteries leaving heart
State the function of the intrinsic conduction system
State the function of the intrinsic conduction system
Sets basic rhythm of beating heart
Ensures that the heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner, from atria to ventricles, and that the heart beats as a coordinated unit.
Know the 5 steps of the intrinsic pathway
Know the 5 steps of the intrinsic pathway
- SA node
- AV node
- AV bundle
- Bundle branches
- Subendocardial conducting network
Interpret an ECG
Interpret an ECG
Define tachycardia, bradycardia and fibrillation
Define tachycardia, bradycardia and fibrillation
Tachycardia = heart rate over 100bpm
Bradycardia = heart rate below 60bpm
Fibrillation = rapid uncoordinated heart contractions
Identify the P, QRS and T waves as well as P-R and Q-T intervals
Identify the P, QRS and T waves as well as P-R and Q-T intervals
Be able to calculate heart rate and intervals using an ECG
Be able to calculate heart rate and intervals using an ECG
Heart Rate = ___mm/beat x 0.04 sec/mm = seconds/beat
THEN 60 sec/min ÷ sec/beat = beats/min
Intervals = distance (mm) x 0.04
Define systole, diastole and cardiac cycle
Define systole, diastole and cardiac cycle
Systole = ventricular contraction (pressure increases)
Diastole = ventricular relaxation (pressure drops)
Cardiac Cycle = 1 complete heartbeat - both arteries and ventricles contract and then relax
Demonstrate thoracic locations where first and second heart sounds are most accurately auscultated
Demonstrate thoracic locations where first and second heart sounds are most accurately auscultated
Define pulse, pulse pressure, pulse deficit, blood pressure, sounds of Korotkoff and mean arterial pressure
Define pulse, pulse pressure, pulse deficit, blood pressure, sounds of Korotkoff and mean arterial pressure
Pulse = alternating surges of pressure in artery within each contraction and relaxation of left ventricle
Pulse Pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse Defecit = difference between valves observed
Blood Pressure = pressure blood exerts against any unit area of blood vessel walls
Sounds of Korotkoff = sound generated when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through the artery
Mean Arterial Pressure = average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole
What is hypercoagulation?
What is hypercoagulation?
increase platelet function, increases clotting function
What is marfan syndrome?
What is marfan syndrome?
- genetic disorder that affects body’s connective tissues
- enlargement of the aorta
- extremely tall and slender build
How do you calculate pulse rate?
How do you calculate pulse rate?
- use fingertip on an artery (such as brachial or radial)
- count number of taps you feel in 10 seconds
- multiply that number by 6
How do you calculate pulse deficit?
How do you calculate pulse deficit?
heart rate - pulse rate = pulse deficit
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure = pulse pressure
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?
diastolic blood pressure + (1/3 x pulse pressure)
Hematocrit Values
Formed Elements =
Plasma =
Buffy Coat =
Hematocrit Values
Formed Elements = 45%
Plasma = 55%
Buffy Coat = 1%
What happens when a cell has too much…
Neutrophils =
Eosinophils =
Basophils =
What happens when a cell has too much…
Neutrophils = infection
Eosinophils = body fighting off an infection
Basophils = infection or autoimmune disease
