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Anatomy and Physiology Lab II > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two major components of blood

A

Name the two major components of blood

Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)

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2
Q

Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma.

A

Describe the composition and functional importance of plasma.

Composition = non living fluid matrix in blood composed of water, salts (electrolytes), plasma protein, nutrients, waste (urea), hormones, O2 and CO2

Function = blood clotting, transportation, pH balance, immunity, body temperature, and blood pressure

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3
Q

Define formed elements, and list the cell types composing them, know their relative percentages and describe their major function.

A

Define formed elements, and list the cell types composing them, know their relative percentages and describe their major function.

Formed elements = cells and cell fragments in the blood

Relative percentage = 45%

Types of formed elements:

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) = transport O2 and CO2 (4-6 million per mm³ of blood)
  • Leukocyes (WBCs) = defense and immunity (4800-10,800 per mm³ of blood)
  • Platelets = blood clotting (150,000-400,000 per mm³ of blood)
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4
Q

Identify all formed elements under the scope.

A
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5
Q

Define differential white blood cell count, hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, and anemia.

A

Define differential white blood cell count, hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, and anemia.

Differential WBC count = the percentage of each type of WBC in blood

Hematocrit = the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood

Leukocytosis = increase of WBC count (over 11,000 cells/mm³)

Leukopenia = decrease in WBC count (less than 4,000 cells/mm³)

Leukemia = malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues (increase in WBCs)

Polycythemia = increase in the number of RBCs

Anemia = decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood (may result from decrease in RBCs)

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6
Q

Describe the tunics of blood vessels and state function of each layer.

A

Describe the tunics of blood vessels and state function of each layer.

Tunica Intima = inner layer, lines lumen of vessel, composed of endothelium - helps decrease resistance to blood flow

Tunica Media = middle coat, composed of smooth muscle and elastin - alters blood flow and blood pressure

Tunica Externa = outermost tunic, composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue - supports and protects

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7
Q

Know differences and similarities between arteries, veins and capillaries.

A

Know differences and similarities between arteries, veins and capillaries.

Location = arteries and veins - from heart to rest of body … capillaries - connects arteries and veins

Blood = arteries - O2 blood … veins - deO2 blood … capillaries - both

Valves = veins - valves … arteries and capillaries - no valves

Wall layers = arteries and veins - all 3 … capillaries -1 (tunica intima)

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8
Q

Recognize structures of an artery/vein in a microscopic view.

A

Recognize structures of an artery/vein in a microscopic view.

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9
Q

Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis

A

Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries (decrease in elasticity of blood vessels)

Atherosclerosis = accumulation of plaque on the inside of blood vessels

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10
Q

Define and know healthy values of: HDL, LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

A

Define and know healthy values of: HDL, LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides.

HDL = “good cholesterol” takes cholesterol to the liver to be disposed off since it can’t be dissolved in the blood >50mg/DL

LDL = “bad cholesterol” - can increase risk of plaque buildup <100mg/DL

Cholesterol = a type of fat made by the body from saturated fat - less tha 200mg/DL

Triglycerides= <150mg/DL

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11
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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12
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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13
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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14
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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15
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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16
Q

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

A

Be able to identify the assigned blood vessels in a cat.

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17
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A

Describe the location of the heart

Within the mediastinum of the thorax

18
Q

Name and describe the linings and coverings of the heart

A

Name and describe the linings and coverings of the heart

Pericardium (external) = double-walled fluid-filled sac - covers heart

Epicardium (outer) = serous membrane comprised of connective tissue - reduces friction

Myocardium (middle) = cardiac muscle tissue - pumps blood out of heart chamber

Endocardium (inner) = epithelium and connective tissue - covers heart valves

19
Q

Identify assigned structures in the pig heart

A

Identify assigned structures in the pig heart

20
Q

Explain why the heart is considered a dual pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

Explain why the heart is considered a dual pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Dual pump = because each half of the heart pumps blood to the different circulatory systems

Pulmonary Circuit = blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

Systemic Circuit = blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues

21
Q

Trace a drop of blood through the adult and fetal heart

A

Trace a drop of blood through the adult and fetal heart

Adult = deO2 blood to SVC/IVC and coronary sinus → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs (blood unloads CO2 and picks up O2)

THEN

O2 blood in pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → O2 blood to body

Fetal = ductus arteriosum → ligamentum arteriosum → foramen ovale → fossa ovalis → ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum → umbillical vein → ligamentum teres → umbillical arteries → median umbillical ligaments

22
Q

Identify and explain fetal heart structures

Umbilical Vein =

Umbilical Arteries =

Ductus Venosus =

Foramen Ovale =

Ductus Arteriosus =

Coronary Sinus =

A

Identify and explain fetal heart structures

Umbilical Vein = carries blood-rich nutrients and O2 to fetus

Umbilical Arteries = carry blood with CO2 and waste from fetus to placenta

Ductus Venosus = carries blood to right atrium

Foramen Ovale = flaplike opening i between left and right atrium

Ductus Arteriosus = short vessel connecting pulmonary trunk and aorta

Coronary Sinus = collection of veins joined together that collect deoxygenated blood from the myocardium of the heart

23
Q

Describe the histology of cardiac muscle, and state the importance of its intercalated discs and the spiral arrangement of cells

A

Describe the histology of cardiac muscle, and state the importance of its intercalated discs and the spiral arrangement of cells

Histology = striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs and under involuntary control

Intercalated disc importance = allows electrical signals to pass between cells

Spiral arrangement of cells importance = for strength - when heart contracts, internal chambers become smaller forcing blood into large arteries leaving heart

24
Q

State the function of the intrinsic conduction system

A

State the function of the intrinsic conduction system

Sets basic rhythm of beating heart

Ensures that the heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner, from atria to ventricles, and that the heart beats as a coordinated unit.

25
Q

Know the 5 steps of the intrinsic pathway

A

Know the 5 steps of the intrinsic pathway

  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Subendocardial conducting network
26
Q

Interpret an ECG

A

Interpret an ECG

27
Q

Define tachycardia, bradycardia and fibrillation

A

Define tachycardia, bradycardia and fibrillation

Tachycardia = heart rate over 100bpm

Bradycardia = heart rate below 60bpm

Fibrillation = rapid uncoordinated heart contractions

28
Q

Identify the P, QRS and T waves as well as P-R and Q-T intervals

A

Identify the P, QRS and T waves as well as P-R and Q-T intervals

29
Q

Be able to calculate heart rate and intervals using an ECG

A

Be able to calculate heart rate and intervals using an ECG

Heart Rate = ___mm/beat x 0.04 sec/mm = seconds/beat

THEN 60 sec/min ÷ sec/beat = beats/min

Intervals = distance (mm) x 0.04

30
Q

Define systole, diastole and cardiac cycle

A

Define systole, diastole and cardiac cycle

Systole = ventricular contraction (pressure increases)

Diastole = ventricular relaxation (pressure drops)

Cardiac Cycle = 1 complete heartbeat - both arteries and ventricles contract and then relax

31
Q

Demonstrate thoracic locations where first and second heart sounds are most accurately auscultated

A

Demonstrate thoracic locations where first and second heart sounds are most accurately auscultated

32
Q

Define pulse, pulse pressure, pulse deficit, blood pressure, sounds of Korotkoff and mean arterial pressure

A

Define pulse, pulse pressure, pulse deficit, blood pressure, sounds of Korotkoff and mean arterial pressure

Pulse = alternating surges of pressure in artery within each contraction and relaxation of left ventricle

Pulse Pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Pulse Defecit = difference between valves observed

Blood Pressure = pressure blood exerts against any unit area of blood vessel walls

Sounds of Korotkoff = sound generated when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through the artery

Mean Arterial Pressure = average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole

33
Q

What is hypercoagulation?

A

What is hypercoagulation?

increase platelet function, increases clotting function

34
Q

What is marfan syndrome?

A

What is marfan syndrome?​

  • genetic disorder that affects body’s connective tissues
  • enlargement of the aorta
  • extremely tall and slender build
35
Q

How do you calculate pulse rate?

A

How do you calculate pulse rate?​

  • use fingertip on an artery (such as brachial or radial)
  • count number of taps you feel in 10 seconds
  • multiply that number by 6
36
Q

How do you calculate pulse deficit?

A

How do you calculate pulse deficit?

heart rate - pulse rate = pulse deficit

37
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

How do you calculate pulse pressure?​

systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure = pulse pressure

38
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

diastolic blood pressure + (1/3 x pulse pressure)

39
Q

Hematocrit Values

Formed Elements =

Plasma =

Buffy Coat =

A

Hematocrit Values

Formed Elements = 45%

Plasma = 55%

Buffy Coat = 1%

40
Q

What happens when a cell has too much…

Neutrophils =

Eosinophils =

Basophils =

A

What happens when a cell has too much…

Neutrophils = infection

Eosinophils = body fighting off an infection

Basophils = infection or autoimmune disease

41
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology Lab II (2 decks)

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