Module 2 Flashcards
Collective Action Problem
social trap - a pro-social situation, when an action results in a benefit for everyone else but a cost for me
Externality
cost or benefit caused by a producer that effects someone who is not the one who made decision whether cost or benefit would be inferred - can be positive or negative
Rivalrous
something that cannot be fully enjoyed by more than one person at once (ex. eating an apple)
non-rivalrous
when a thing being used by 1 person does not diminish the possibilities of others using it too (ex. looking at a statue)
excludable
when something’s properties are conducive to controlling its use - a private good (need to buy ticket to the cinema)
non-excludable
Hard to stop any given person from using or consuming it (public good ex. ocean)
Private goods
rivalrous and excludable : food, clothing, toys, furniture, cars
common pool resources
rivalrous and non-excludable: fishing, hunting, cant stop people from getting it but cant have more than 1 person benefitting at once
club goods
non-rivalrous & excludable: cable tv, multiple people can use at once
Pure/Public goods
non-rivalrous & non excludable: national defence, music, poetry, knowledge, we can all benefit simultaneously and cannot stop anyone from benefitting
Aquaculture
farming of fish
agroforestry
planting crops with leguminous trees to boost soil nutrients, yields and farmer incomes
4 limits to urban growth
military, nutritional, traffic, power limits
urban sprawl
rapid expansion of geographic extent of cities/towns (to the suburbs, increase use of automobile to get to places)
urban planning
evaluate how cities address issues related to energy, environmental damage, etc (things such as land use policy, street infrastructure, density/height of buildings, parking, etc)
Land use policy
allows certain development patterns to happen
Some Factors of Sustainability
climate, health, population, source of electricity, employment, transportation options, available resources
Urban Transport: Accessibility
ease of reaching desired destination, population&location based (how close to bus stop/work)
Urban Transport: Mobility
ease of travelling through the transport system
Triple Convergence
1-spatial (alternative routes) 2-time(travelling at alternative times) 3-modal (using different method of transport)
social cost/benefit
sum of own costs/benefits plus all externalities to all others: it is the total cost/benefit to all of society
costs of over fishing
Economic and Social devastation (unemployment), revenue loss, biodiversity loss, food security (less protein source for low income people), reduces stock, degrades marine ecosystems
