Module 1D: Pharmacology

Question 1

absorption

Answer 1

movement of drug from site of administration to blood

Question 2

enteral (GI tract)

Answer 2

PO, solids vs. liquids, combination drugs, EC, time-release formulations, thin film

Question 3

parenteral

Answer 3

IV, IM, SQ, topical

Question 4

injections

Answer 4

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous

Question 5

IV

Answer 5

barriers to absorption

Question 6

intramuscular (IM)

Answer 6

usually used for slower absorption

Question 7

topical

Answer 7

works directly, skin or mucous membrane is barrier to drugs need to get through, skin, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, lungs, rectum, vagina

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

drug movement from bloodstream to body tissues and organs

Question 9

distribution is determined by

Answer 9

blood flow to tissues, drug binding and solubility, ability of drug to enter cells

Question 10

blood brain barrier

Answer 10

drug passage in CNS prevented by tight junctions between cells of capillary walls

Question 11

placental drug transfer

Answer 11

drugs transfer through, and how much of the medication can be distributed to affected area; do not want to harm fetus

Question 12

protein binding

Answer 12

important to check pts protein levels to ensure drug can bind to med, measure albumin levels

Question 13

metabolism

Answer 13

chemical alteration of drug structure

Question 14

drug inactivation

Answer 14

increased therapeutic action; activation of prodrugs and increased or decreased toxicity

Question 15

therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism

Answer 15

accelerated renal drug excretion, drug inactivation, ↑ therapeutic action, activation of prodrugs, ↑ and ↓ toxicity

Question 16

metabolism factors

Answer 16

age, drug metabolizing enzymes, first pass effect, nutritional status, drugs can compete for metabolism

Question 17

excretion

Answer 17

removal of drugs from the body (liver metabolizes → biotransformed →kidneys → kidneys → urine)

Question 18

factors in excretion

Answer 18

age, glomerular filtration, breast milk, other routes

Question 19

glomerular filtration

Answer 19

healthy kidneys → filter out drugs (limiting duration)
renal failure → intensity and duration increases

Question 20

onset

Answer 20

therapeutic response time

Question 21

peak effect

Answer 21

maximal therapeutic effect

Question 22

duration

Answer 22

length of time the rug is therapeutic for

Question 23

trough

Answer 23

lowest concentration in pts bloodstream

Question 24

peak

Answer 24

highest concentration of a drug in pts bloodstream

Question 25

factors affecting pts response to a drug

Answer 25

age, kidney fxn, liver disease, tolerance, placebo effect, genetic and pharmocogenomics

Question 26

pharmacodynamics

Answer 26

study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body and molecular mechanism by which those effects are produced

Question 27

mechanism of action

Answer 27

relationship between drug concentration and the response in the body

Question 28

maximal efficacy

Answer 28

largest effect a drug can produce

Question 29

relative potency

Answer 29

how much drug needs to be given to elicit a response

Question 30

agonists

Answer 30

mimics body’s own response, activates receptors (e.g., morphine)

Question 31

antagonists

Answer 31

prevent receptor activation, beneficial effects by blocking (naloxone)

Question 32

partial agonist

Answer 32

maximum effect is less than that of a full agonist

Question 33

drug interactions

Answer 33

drug-drug, drug-supplement, drug-food