Module 1C: Types of Diagnostics Flashcards
blood
hematological (CBC), peripheral blood smear
blood chemistry
electrolytes, beta-hydroxybutyrate
microbiology
culture and sensitivity (various body fluids)
medical imaging
x-ray, CT scan, MRI, echo, angiogram, ultrasound
complete blood count (CBC)
RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC & differential (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), platelet count
presence of neutrophils
bacterial infection or inflammation
presence of lymphocytes
viral infection
presence of monocytes
severe infection
presence of eosinophils
allergic disorder, parasitic infections
presence of basophils
parasitic infections, some allergic disorder
prothrombin time (PT-INR)
increased with liver disease & warfarin therapy, effectiveness of therapy or risk of bleeding (how long it takes blood to clot)
partial thromboplastic time (PTT)
monitored during IV heparin, increased time = longer time for blood to clot
electrolytes
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate
hyponatremia
causes: DKA, water intoxication, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from GI
s/s: anorexia, nausea/vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps, ↑ HR + ↓ BP, edema, lethargy
hypernatremia
causes: dehydration, impaired renal fxn, corticosteroid therapy, ↑ dietary/IV intake
s/s: thirst, ↑ temp, dry mucous membranes, irritability, twitching + seizures, ↑ HR & ↓ BP
hypokalemia
causes: burn, GI loss, diuretics, trauma, insulin admin
s/s: fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, polyuria, leg cramps, ECH changes
hyperkalemia
causes: acute or chronic renal failure, crush injuries to tissues, infection, acidosis, dehydration
s/s: muscle weakness, tachycardia, cardiac changes, anxiety, irritability
hypocalcemia
causes: burns, GI loss, diuretics, trauma, insulin admin, hypoparathyroidism, chronic diarrhea
s/s: numbness, tingling in fingers/toes, seizures, hyperactive reflexes, irritability, anxiety, ECG changes
hypercalcemia
causes: acute or chronic renal failure, crush injuries to tissues, infection, acidosis, dehydration
hypomagnesmia
causes: alcoholism, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, malabsorption, HF, ↓ K+ and Ca
s/s: neuromuscular irritability, mood changes, anorexia, vomiting, insomnia, irregular HR
hypermagnesmia
causes: renal insufficiency, ingestion of magnesium-containing antacids, hypothyroidism
s/s: flushing, hypotension, muscle weakness, tachycardia, cardiac arrest, diaphoresis, drowsiness
hypophosphatemia
causes: hypercalcemia, alkalosis, vitamin D deficiency, treatment of hyperglycemia, alcohol withdraw
s/s: muscle weakness, bone pain, tenderness, chest pain, confusion, seizures, increase risk of infection
hyperphosphatemia
causes: renal failure, bone metastasis, hypocalcemia, acidosis, hemolytic anemia
s/s: tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, signs of hypocalcemia
low creatinine
decrease muscle mass, debilitation, normal
high creatinine
renal insufficiency, dehydration, diabetic nephropathy, pyelonephritis
GRF ↑ 60
functioning kidneys
GFR ↓ 60
renal insufficiency
expressed consent
clear statement, can withdraw consent at any time
implied consent
non-verbal behaviour indicated acceptance of treatment (emergencies, surgery, procedures)
3 components of informed consent
disclosure, capacity, voluntariness
disclosure
all information is given
capacity
pt is capable of understanding information and can understand the consequences
voluntariness
right to make a decision without coercion or manipulation
