Module 1C: Types of Diagnostics

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

hematological (CBC), peripheral blood smear

Question 2

blood chemistry

Answer 2

electrolytes, beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 3

microbiology

Answer 3

culture and sensitivity (various body fluids)

Question 4

medical imaging

Answer 4

x-ray, CT scan, MRI, echo, angiogram, ultrasound

Question 5

complete blood count (CBC)

Answer 5

RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC & differential (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), platelet count

Question 6

presence of neutrophils

Answer 6

bacterial infection or inflammation

Question 7

presence of lymphocytes

Answer 7

viral infection

Question 8

presence of monocytes

Answer 8

severe infection

Question 9

presence of eosinophils

Answer 9

allergic disorder, parasitic infections

Question 10

presence of basophils

Answer 10

parasitic infections, some allergic disorder

Question 11

prothrombin time (PT-INR)

Answer 11

increased with liver disease & warfarin therapy, effectiveness of therapy or risk of bleeding (how long it takes blood to clot)

Question 12

partial thromboplastic time (PTT)

Answer 12

monitored during IV heparin, increased time = longer time for blood to clot

Question 13

electrolytes

Answer 13

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate

Question 14

hyponatremia

Answer 14

causes: DKA, water intoxication, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from GI
s/s: anorexia, nausea/vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps, ↑ HR + ↓ BP, edema, lethargy

Question 15

hypernatremia

Answer 15

causes: dehydration, impaired renal fxn, corticosteroid therapy, ↑ dietary/IV intake
s/s: thirst, ↑ temp, dry mucous membranes, irritability, twitching + seizures, ↑ HR & ↓ BP

Question 16

hypokalemia

Answer 16

causes: burn, GI loss, diuretics, trauma, insulin admin
s/s: fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, polyuria, leg cramps, ECH changes

Question 17

hyperkalemia

Answer 17

causes: acute or chronic renal failure, crush injuries to tissues, infection, acidosis, dehydration
s/s: muscle weakness, tachycardia, cardiac changes, anxiety, irritability

Question 18

hypocalcemia

Answer 18

causes: burns, GI loss, diuretics, trauma, insulin admin, hypoparathyroidism, chronic diarrhea
s/s: numbness, tingling in fingers/toes, seizures, hyperactive reflexes, irritability, anxiety, ECG changes

Question 19

hypercalcemia

Answer 19

causes: acute or chronic renal failure, crush injuries to tissues, infection, acidosis, dehydration

Question 20

hypomagnesmia

Answer 20

causes: alcoholism, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, malabsorption, HF, ↓ K+ and Ca
s/s: neuromuscular irritability, mood changes, anorexia, vomiting, insomnia, irregular HR

Question 21

hypermagnesmia

Answer 21

causes: renal insufficiency, ingestion of magnesium-containing antacids, hypothyroidism
s/s: flushing, hypotension, muscle weakness, tachycardia, cardiac arrest, diaphoresis, drowsiness

Question 22

hypophosphatemia

Answer 22

causes: hypercalcemia, alkalosis, vitamin D deficiency, treatment of hyperglycemia, alcohol withdraw
s/s: muscle weakness, bone pain, tenderness, chest pain, confusion, seizures, increase risk of infection

Question 23

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 23

causes: renal failure, bone metastasis, hypocalcemia, acidosis, hemolytic anemia
s/s: tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, signs of hypocalcemia

Question 24

low creatinine

Answer 24

decrease muscle mass, debilitation, normal

Question 25

high creatinine

Answer 25

renal insufficiency, dehydration, diabetic nephropathy, pyelonephritis

Question 26

GRF ↑ 60

Answer 26

functioning kidneys

Question 27

GFR ↓ 60

Answer 27

renal insufficiency

Question 28

expressed consent

Answer 28

clear statement, can withdraw consent at any time

Question 29

implied consent

Answer 29

non-verbal behaviour indicated acceptance of treatment (emergencies, surgery, procedures)

Question 30

3 components of informed consent

Answer 30

disclosure, capacity, voluntariness

Question 31

disclosure

Answer 31

all information is given

Question 32

capacity

Answer 32

pt is capable of understanding information and can understand the consequences

Question 33

voluntariness

Answer 33

right to make a decision without coercion or manipulation