Module 1b: Chemical Composition Of A Cell Flashcards
Epithelium is present on the ___________ of organs.
outside
Epithelium is vascular/avascular and consists of cells which can/cannot divide.
avascular; cannot
There are three types of epithelium: ___________, _____________, and ____________.
squamous; cuboidal; columnar
_____________ epithelium is __________ in shape and primarily a barrier.
Squamous; flat
When there are multiple layers of squamous epithelium it is called __________ ___________ epithelium.
Stratified squamous
____________ epithelium is cube-like in shape and forms a barrier but has more __________ transport than squamous epithelium.
Cuboidal; active
The cells in cuboidal epithelium have more _____________ to support the ______ transport.
organelles; active
___________ epithelium is column-like in shape, is involved in __________ transport.
Columnar; active
Nervous tissue is primarily involved in conducting __________ ____________.
electrical signals
Nervous tissue consists of _________ and __________ (supporting cells).
neurons; neuroglia
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal; Cardiac; Smooth
Skeletal muscle is under __________ control.
voluntary
Cardiac muscle is located in the __________ and is under __________ control.
heart; involuntary
Smooth muscle is located in __________ and is under __________ control.
organs; involuntary
What are the main macronutrients?
Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids
A molecule is a particle which is usually a group of _________ joined together.
atoms
Define a cation.
A positively charged ion
Define an anion.
A negatively charged ion
Key ions in the body include: __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Sodium; Chloride; Potassium; Calcium
What is the most common molecule in the body?
Water (H2O)
Ions are polar molecules because they have gained or lost electrons, so have a _________ or __________ charge.
positive; negative
What is required for active transport?
Energy (ATP)
What is the function of mitochondria?
Regenerate ATP
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the pH scale used for?
Measuring acidity or alkalinity
Acids release ________ ions.
H+
Buffers are weak acids and bases that help maintain __________ pH.
neutral
To make proteins and lipids, ________ must be formed between elements.
bonds
Energy is released for cellular processes by breaking _______ into _______ molecules.
bonds; smaller
What molecule is used for providing energy for cellular processes?
ATP
Mitochondria can use ________, __________, and _________ to make ATP, IF O2 is present.
lipids; carbohydrates; proteins
What is the role of buffers in cells?
Bind or release acid to keep pH close to neutral on the pH scale
Buffers help maintain the stability of cellular environments by preventing drastic changes in pH.
What must be formed between elements to make proteins and lipids?
Bonds
These bonds are essential for creating complex molecules from simpler ones.
What is released for cellular processes by breaking large molecules into small molecules?
Energy
This process is crucial for powering various cellular functions.
What molecule is primarily used for providing energy for cellular processes?
ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is known as the energy currency of the cell.
What substrates can mitochondria use to make ATP if O2 is present?
Carbs, proteins, Lipid (fat)
Mitochondria are versatile organelles that can utilize different macromolecules for energy production.
If no O2 is present, what must cells use?
Anaerobic metabolism
This process allows cells to generate energy without oxygen, albeit less efficiently.
Where is most ATP generated in the cell?
Mitochondria
The mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell due to their role in ATP production.
What is formed when making ATP if O2 is present?
CO2
Carbon dioxide is a waste product released during aerobic respiration.
What is formed when making ATP if O2 is absent?
Lactate
Lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration and can lead to muscle fatigue.
What type of metabolism produces a lot of ATP per glucose molecule but is slow?
Aerobic metabolism
This process is efficient in terms of ATP yield but takes longer than anaerobic metabolism.
What type of metabolism produces very little ATP per glucose but is fast?
Anaerobic metabolism
This rapid process is beneficial during short bursts of intense activity.
What is a byproduct of energy metabolism that can damage cells?
Acid
Accumulation of acid can lead to cellular injury and dysfunction.
What are macromolecules made from?
Lipids: Carbon and hydrogen (plus a little oxygen)
Proteins: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Each macromolecule has a distinct elemental composition that determines its function.
What is the main role of lipids in the cell?
Membranes (and energy metabolism)
Lipids are crucial for forming cellular membranes and storing energy.
What is the main role of proteins in the cell?
Perform functions of the cell
Proteins are involved in virtually every cellular process, from catalyzing reactions to providing structure.
What is the main role of carbohydrates in the cell?
Energy metabolism
Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for cellular activities.
What does a cell need to have?
Intracellular fluid (ICF), Extracellular fluid, Water, A membrane, Na/K transporter, Lipids, Sodium, Potassium
These components are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function.
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates are polar/nonpolar.
Polar
The polarity of carbohydrates affects their solubility and reactivity in biological systems.
