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NCM100: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing > Module 1B > Flashcards

Module 1B Flashcards

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1
Q

The three facets of approaches to knowledge development.

A
  1. Ontology refers to the study of being: what is or what exists.
  2. Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge or ways of knowing.
  3. Methodology is the means of acquiring knowledge.
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2
Q

The study of the theory of knowledge.

A

Epistemology

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3
Q

Epistemological questions according to Schultz & Meleis (1988)

A
  • What do we know?
  • What is the extent of our knowledge?
  • How do we decide whether we know?
  • What are the criteria of knowledge?
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4
Q

The scientific form of knowing. Empirical knowledge comes from observation, testing, and replication.

A

Empirics

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5
Q

A priori knowledge.
Pertains to knowledge gained from thought alone.
Is what gives people their own view and opinion.

A

Personal knowledge

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6
Q

Includes feelings and hunches.
Is not guessing but relies on non-conscious pattern recognition and experience.

A

Intuitive knowledge

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7
Q

Knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement.
Includes experiential use of muscles and balance to perform a physical task.
Is experiential knowledge that involves senses, perceptions, and mind-body action and reaction.

A

Somatic/embodied knowledge

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8
Q

Seeking the presence of a higher power.
Include magic, miracles, psychokinesis, extrasensory perception, and near-death experiences.
A field of philosophy that is generally focused on how reality and the universe began.

A

Metaphysical/spiritual knowledge

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9
Q

Knowledge related to beauty, harmony, and expression.
Incorporates art, creativity, and values.

A

Esthetics

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10
Q

Knowledge of what is right and wrong.
Values and social and cultural norms of behavior are components of ethical knowledge.

A

Moral/ethical knowledge

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11
Q

The study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims.

A

Nursing epistemology

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12
Q

Four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge according to Carper (1978)

A
  1. Empirics — the science of nursing.
  2. Esthetics — the art of nursing.
  3. Personal knowledge in nursing.
  4. Ethics — moral knowledge in nursing.
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13
Q

This refers to the individual nurse’s personal knowledge. It results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision.

A

Clinical knowlegde

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14
Q

This is abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience.

A

Conceptual knowledge

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15
Q

Results from experimental, historical, or phenomenological research and is used to justify actions and procedures in practice.

A

Empirical knowledge

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16
Q

Refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists.

A

Emancipatory knowing

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17
Q

The two dominant forms of scientific inquiry that have been identified in nursing.

A
  1. Empiricism, which objectifies and attempts to quantify experience and may test propositions or hypotheses in controlled experimentation.
  2. Phenomenology and other forms of qualitative research (i.e., grounded theory, hermeneutics, historical research, ethnography)
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18
Q

Has been justified by its success in measuring, analyzing, replicating, and applying the knowledge gained. According to Wolfer (1993), science should incorporate methodologic principles of objective observation/description, accurate measurement, quantification of variables, mathematical and statistical analysis, experimental methods, and verification through replication whenever possible.

A

Quantitative method

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19
Q

Phenomenology and other methods arose because aspects of human values, culture, and relationships were unable to be described fully. It is generally accepted that it answers questions centered on social experience and give meaning to human life.

A

Qualitative methods

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20
Q

A representation of a system, phenomenon, or problem that shows the key concepts, variables, relationships, and assumptions involved.

A

Conceptual model

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21
Q

A real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful.

A

Framework

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22
Q

Critical components of the theory or narrative

A
  1. Definitions of the central concepts or constructs
  2. Propositions or relational statements
  3. The assumptions on which the framework is based
  4. The purpose, indications for use, or application
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23
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Environmental Theory”
To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by manipulating client’s environment.

A

Florence Nightingale (1860)

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24
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Interpersonal Theory”
Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process.

A

Hildegard Peplau (1952)

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25
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Need Theory”
The needs often called Henderson’s 14 basic needs

A

Virginia Henderson (1955)

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26
Q

Nursing Theorists

“21 Nursing Problems”
This theory focus on delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of the client and family.

A

Faye Abdellah (1960)

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27
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Nursing Process Theory”
The client is an individual; with a need; that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.

A

Ida Jean Orlando (1962)

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28
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Behavioral Systems Model”
Focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt. The goal of nursing is to reduce stress so that; the client can move more easily through recovery.

A

Dorothy Johnson (1968)

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29
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Unitary Human Beings”
To maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing”

A

Martha Rogers (1970)

30
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Self-Care Theory”
This is self-care deficit theory. Nursing care becomes necessary when a client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.

A

Dorothea Orem (1971)

31
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Goal Attainment Theory”
To use communication to help clients reestablish positive adaptation to the environment.

A

Imogene King (1971)

32
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Systems Model”
Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.

A

Betty Neuman (1972)

33
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Adaptation Model”
This adaptation model is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological and dependence-independence adaptive modes.

A

Sister Callista Roy (1979)

34
Q

Nursing Theorists

“Human Caring”
Attempts to define the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the; humanistic aspects of life.

A

Jean Watson (1979)

35
Q

Definition of Terms

Are beliefs about phenomena one must accept as true to accept a theory about the phenomena as true.
May be based on accepted knowledge or personal beliefs and values.
May not be susceptible to testing, they can be argued philosophically.

A

Assumptions

36
Q

Definition of Terms

A theory developed in another discipline that is not adapted to theory the worldview and practice of nursing.

A

Borrowed/shared theory

37
Q

Definition of Terms

The elements or components of a phenomenon necessary to understand the phenomenon.
They are abstract and derived from impressions the human mind receives about phenomena through sensing the environment.

A

Concept

38
Q

Definition of Terms

A set of interrelated concepts that symbolically represents and conceptual conveys a mental image of a phenomenon.
Identify framework concepts and describe their relationships to the phenomena of central concern to the discipline.

A

Conceptual model

39
Q

Definition of Terms

The most complex type of concept.
They comprise more than one concept and are typically built or constructed by the theorist or philosopher to fit a purpose.

A

Construct

40
Q

Definition of Terms

Very specific and concrete identifiers of concepts.
They are actual instructions, experimental conditions, and procedures used to observe or measure the concept(s) of a theory.

A

Empirical indicator

41
Q

Definition of Terms

Theories of knowledge or how people come to have knowledge; in nursing, it is the study of the origins of nursing knowledge.

A

Epistemology

42
Q

Definition of Terms

Tentative suggestions that a specific relationship exists between two concepts or propositions.

A

Hypotheses

43
Q

Definition of Terms

Refers to the awareness or perception of reality acquired through insight, learning, or investigation.
What is collectively seen to be a reasonably accurate understanding of the world as seen by members of the discipline.

A

Knowledge

44
Q

Definition of Terms

A proposition about the relationship between concepts in a theory that has been repeatedly validated.
Are highly generalizable.
Are found primarily in disciplines that deal with observable and measurable phenomena, such as chemistry and physics.

A

Laws

45
Q

Definition of Terms

Represents the worldview of a discipline—the global perspective that subsumes more specific views and approaches to the central concepts with which the discipline is concerned.
The ideology within which the theories, knowledge, and processes for knowing find meaning and coherence.

A

Metaparadigm

46
Q

Definition of Terms

Refers to a part of a discipline’s concerns related to particular topics.
The scope is narrower than that of broad-range or grand theories.

A

Middle range theory

47
Q

Definition of Terms

Are graphic or symbolic representations of phenomena that objectify and present certain perspectives or points of view about nature or function or both.

A

Model

48
Q

Definition of Terms

Concerned with the study of existence and the nature of reality.

A

Ontology

49
Q

Definition of Terms

An organizing framework that contains concepts, theories, assumptions, beliefs, values, and principles that form the way a discipline interprets the subject matter with which it is concerned.

A

Paradigm

50
Q

Definition of Terms

The designation of an aspect of reality.

A

Phenomena

51
Q

Definition of Terms

Deals with a limited range of discrete phenomena that are specifically defined and are not expanded to include their theory linked with the broad concerns of a discipline.

A

Practice/Situation-Specific Theory

52
Q

Definition of Terms

The application of a theory to cases encountered in experience.

A

Praxis

53
Q

Definition of Terms

Indicate specific relationships between two or more statement concepts.
They may be classified as propositions, hypotheses, laws, axioms, or theorems.

A

Relationship

54
Q

Definition of Terms

A classification scheme for defining or gathering together various phenomena.
Range in complexity from simple dichotomies to complicated hierarchical structures.

A

Taxonomy

55
Q

Definition of Terms

Refers to a set of logically interrelated concepts, statements, propositions, and definitions, which have been derived from philosophical beliefs of scientific data and from which questions or hypotheses can be deduced, tested, and verified.

A

Theory

56
Q

Definition of Terms

The philosophical frame of reference used by a social or cultural group to describe that group’s outlook on and beliefs about reality.

A

Worldview

57
Q

Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy

Blind obedience to medical authority.

Based on source of knowledge

A

Silent Knowledge

58
Q

Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy

Learning through listening to others.

Based on source of knowledge

A

Received knowledge

59
Q

Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy

Authority was internalized to foster a new sense of self.

Based on source of knowledge

A

Subjective knowledge

60
Q

Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy

Combination of different types of knowledge (intuition, and self-knowledge).

Based on source of knowledge

A

Constructed knowledge

61
Q

Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy

Assimilation and application of “evidence” from nursing and from health care disciplines.

Based on source of knowledge

A

Integrated knowledge

62
Q

Characteristics of theories

A
  • Interrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon.
  • Are logical in nature.
  • Are generalizable.
  • Are the bases for hypotheses that can be tested.
  • Increase the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them.
  • Are used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice.
  • Are consistent with other validated theories, laws, and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated.
63
Q

Refers to complexity and degree of abstraction.
Includes its level of specificity and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions.

A

Scope of Theory

64
Q

The theory of theory.
Identifies specific phenomena through abstract concepts.

A

Metatheory

65
Q

Are the most complex and broadest in scope.
They attempt to explain broad areas within a discipline and may incorporate numerous other theories.

A

Grand Theory

66
Q

Lies between the grand nursing models and more circumscribed, concrete ideas (practice or situation-specific theories).

A

Middle range theory

67
Q

Are also called situation-specific theories, prescriptive theories, or microtheories and are the least complex.
Are more specific than middle range theories and produce specific directions for practice.

A

Practice theories

68
Q

Categorization of Theories

These emphasize on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence and focus on the basic human needs so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed.

A

Need theories

69
Q

Categorization of Theories

The focus of the theory is on interaction and practice resulting in a caring practice

A

Interaction theories

70
Q

Categorization of Theories

These theories describe the nurse as controlling and directing patient care by using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems.

A

Outcome theories

71
Q

Categorization of Theories

The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understanding that each client is a unique individual, so person-centered approach now practice in Nursing.

A

Humanistic theories

72
Q

The four kinds of theories

A
  1. Factor-isolating theories (descriptive theories)
  2. Factor-relating theories (explanatory theories)
  3. Situation-relating theories (predictive theories or promoting or inhibiting theories)
  4. Situation-producing theories (prescriptive theories)

NCM100: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing (2 decks)

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