Module 1B

Question 1

The three facets of approaches to knowledge development.

Answer 1

1. Ontology refers to the study of being: what is or what exists.
2. Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge or ways of knowing.
3. Methodology is the means of acquiring knowledge.

Question 2

The study of the theory of knowledge.

Answer 2

Epistemology

Question 3

Epistemological questions according to Schultz & Meleis (1988)

Answer 3

• What do we know?
• What is the extent of our knowledge?
• How do we decide whether we know?
• What are the criteria of knowledge?

Question 4

The scientific form of knowing. Empirical knowledge comes from observation, testing, and replication.

Answer 4

Empirics

Question 5

A priori knowledge.
Pertains to knowledge gained from thought alone.
Is what gives people their own view and opinion.

Answer 5

Personal knowledge

Question 6

Includes feelings and hunches.
Is not guessing but relies on non-conscious pattern recognition and experience.

Answer 6

Intuitive knowledge

Question 7

Knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement.
Includes experiential use of muscles and balance to perform a physical task.
Is experiential knowledge that involves senses, perceptions, and mind-body action and reaction.

Answer 7

Somatic/embodied knowledge

Question 8

Seeking the presence of a higher power.
Include magic, miracles, psychokinesis, extrasensory perception, and near-death experiences.
A field of philosophy that is generally focused on how reality and the universe began.

Answer 8

Metaphysical/spiritual knowledge

Question 9

Knowledge related to beauty, harmony, and expression.
Incorporates art, creativity, and values.

Answer 9

Esthetics

Question 10

Knowledge of what is right and wrong.
Values and social and cultural norms of behavior are components of ethical knowledge.

Answer 10

Moral/ethical knowledge

Question 11

The study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims.

Answer 11

Nursing epistemology

Question 12

Four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge according to Carper (1978)

Answer 12

1. Empirics — the science of nursing.
2. Esthetics — the art of nursing.
3. Personal knowledge in nursing.
4. Ethics — moral knowledge in nursing.

Question 13

This refers to the individual nurse’s personal knowledge. It results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision.

Answer 13

Clinical knowlegde

Question 14

This is abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience.

Answer 14

Conceptual knowledge

Question 15

Results from experimental, historical, or phenomenological research and is used to justify actions and procedures in practice.

Answer 15

Empirical knowledge

Question 16

Refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists.

Answer 16

Emancipatory knowing

Question 17

The two dominant forms of scientific inquiry that have been identified in nursing.

Answer 17

1. Empiricism, which objectifies and attempts to quantify experience and may test propositions or hypotheses in controlled experimentation.
2. Phenomenology and other forms of qualitative research (i.e., grounded theory, hermeneutics, historical research, ethnography)

Question 18

Has been justified by its success in measuring, analyzing, replicating, and applying the knowledge gained. According to Wolfer (1993), science should incorporate methodologic principles of objective observation/description, accurate measurement, quantification of variables, mathematical and statistical analysis, experimental methods, and verification through replication whenever possible.

Answer 18

Quantitative method

Question 19

Phenomenology and other methods arose because aspects of human values, culture, and relationships were unable to be described fully. It is generally accepted that it answers questions centered on social experience and give meaning to human life.

Answer 19

Qualitative methods

Question 20

A representation of a system, phenomenon, or problem that shows the key concepts, variables, relationships, and assumptions involved.

Answer 20

Conceptual model

Question 21

A real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful.

Answer 21

Framework

Question 22

Critical components of the theory or narrative

Answer 22

1. Definitions of the central concepts or constructs
2. Propositions or relational statements
3. The assumptions on which the framework is based
4. The purpose, indications for use, or application

Question 23

Nursing Theorists

“Environmental Theory”
To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by manipulating client’s environment.

Answer 23

Florence Nightingale (1860)

Question 24

Nursing Theorists

“Interpersonal Theory”
Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process.

Answer 24

Hildegard Peplau (1952)

Question 25

# Nursing Theorists **"Need Theory"** The needs often called Henderson’s 14 basic needs

Answer 25

Virginia Henderson (1955)

Question 26

# Nursing Theorists **"21 Nursing Problems"** This theory focus on delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of the client and family.

Answer 26

Faye Abdellah (1960)

Question 27

# Nursing Theorists **"Nursing Process Theory"** The client is an individual; with a need; that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.

Answer 27

Ida Jean Orlando (1962)

Question 28

# Nursing Theorists **"Behavioral Systems Model”** Focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt. The goal of nursing is to reduce stress so that; the client can move more easily through recovery.

Answer 28

Dorothy Johnson (1968)

Question 29

# Nursing Theorists **"Unitary Human Beings"** To maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through "humanistic science of nursing"

Answer 29

Martha Rogers (1970)

Question 30

# Nursing Theorists **"Self-Care Theory"** This is self-care deficit theory. Nursing care becomes necessary when a client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.

Answer 30

Dorothea Orem (1971)

Question 31

# Nursing Theorists **"Goal Attainment Theory"** To use communication to help clients reestablish positive adaptation to the environment.

Answer 31

Imogene King (1971)

Question 32

# Nursing Theorists **"Systems Model"** Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.

Answer 32

Betty Neuman (1972)

Question 33

# Nursing Theorists **"Adaptation Model"** This adaptation model is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological and dependence-independence adaptive modes.

Answer 33

Sister Callista Roy (1979)

Question 34

# Nursing Theorists **"Human Caring"** Attempts to define the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the; humanistic aspects of life.

Answer 34

Jean Watson (1979)

Question 35

# Definition of Terms **Are beliefs about phenomena one must accept as true to accept a theory about the phenomena as true.** May be based on accepted knowledge or personal beliefs and values. May not be susceptible to testing, they can be argued philosophically.

Answer 35

Assumptions

Question 36

# Definition of Terms A theory developed in another discipline that is not adapted to theory the worldview and practice of nursing.

Answer 36

Borrowed/shared theory

Question 37

# Definition of Terms **The elements or components of a phenomenon necessary to understand the phenomenon.** They are abstract and derived from impressions the human mind receives about phenomena through sensing the environment.

Answer 37

Concept

Question 38

# Definition of Terms **A set of interrelated concepts that symbolically represents and conceptual conveys a mental image of a phenomenon.** Identify framework concepts and describe their relationships to the phenomena of central concern to the discipline.

Answer 38

Conceptual model

Question 39

# Definition of Terms **The most complex type of concept.** They comprise more than one concept and are typically built or constructed by the theorist or philosopher to fit a purpose.

Answer 39

Construct

Question 40

# Definition of Terms **Very specific and concrete identifiers of concepts.** They are actual instructions, experimental conditions, and procedures used to observe or measure the concept(s) of a theory.

Answer 40

Empirical indicator

Question 41

# Definition of Terms **Theories of knowledge or how people come to have knowledge**; in nursing, it is the study of the origins of nursing knowledge.

Answer 41

Epistemology

Question 42

# Definition of Terms Tentative **suggestions** that a specific relationship exists between two concepts or propositions.

Answer 42

Hypotheses

Question 43

# Definition of Terms **Refers to the awareness or perception of reality acquired through insight, learning, or investigation.** What is collectively seen to be a reasonably accurate understanding of the world as seen by members of the discipline.

Answer 43

Knowledge

Question 44

# Definition of Terms **A proposition about the relationship between concepts in a theory that has been repeatedly validated.** Are highly generalizable. Are found primarily in disciplines that deal with observable and measurable phenomena, such as chemistry and physics.

Answer 44

Laws

Question 45

# Definition of Terms **Represents the worldview of a discipline—the global perspective that subsumes more specific views and approaches to the central concepts with which the discipline is concerned.** The ideology within which the theories, knowledge, and processes for knowing find meaning and coherence.

Answer 45

Metaparadigm

Question 46

# Definition of Terms **Refers to a part of a discipline’s concerns related to particular topics.** The scope is narrower than that of broad-range or grand theories.

Answer 46

Middle range theory

Question 47

# Definition of Terms Are **graphic or symbolic representations of phenomena** that objectify and present certain perspectives or points of view about nature or function or both.

Answer 47

Model

Question 48

# Definition of Terms Concerned with the **study of existence** and the nature of reality.

Answer 48

Ontology

Question 49

# Definition of Terms An **organizing framework** that **contains concepts, theories, assumptions, beliefs, values, and principles** that form the way a discipline interprets the subject matter with which it is concerned.

Answer 49

Paradigm

Question 50

# Definition of Terms The designation of an **aspect of reality**.

Answer 50

Phenomena

Question 51

# Definition of Terms **Deals with a limited range of discrete phenomena** that are specifically defined and are not expanded to include their theory linked with the broad concerns of a discipline.

Answer 51

Practice/Situation-Specific Theory

Question 52

# Definition of Terms The **application of a theory** to cases encountered in experience.

Answer 52

Praxis

Question 53

# Definition of Terms **Indicate specific relationships between two or more statement concepts.** They may be classified as propositions, hypotheses, laws, axioms, or theorems.

Answer 53

Relationship

Question 54

# Definition of Terms **A classification scheme for defining or gathering together various phenomena.** Range in complexity from simple dichotomies to complicated hierarchical structures.

Answer 54

Taxonomy

Question 55

# Definition of Terms Refers to a **set of logically interrelated concepts, statements, propositions, and definitions**, which have been derived from philosophical beliefs of scientific data and from which questions or hypotheses can be deduced, tested, and verified.

Answer 55

Theory

Question 56

# Definition of Terms The **philosophical frame of reference used by a social or cultural group** to describe that group’s outlook on and beliefs about reality.

Answer 56

Worldview

Question 57

# Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy Blind obedience to medical authority. | Based on source of knowledge

Answer 57

Silent Knowledge

Question 58

# Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy Learning through listening to others. | Based on source of knowledge

Answer 58

Received knowledge

Question 59

# Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy Authority was internalized to foster a new sense of self. | Based on source of knowledge

Answer 59

Subjective knowledge

Question 60

# Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy **Combination** of different types of knowledge (intuition, and self-knowledge). | Based on source of knowledge

Answer 60

Constructed knowledge

Question 61

# Stages of Knowledge Development in Nursing Theory & Philosophy **Assimilation and application** of "evidence" from nursing and from health care disciplines. | Based on source of knowledge

Answer 61

Integrated knowledge

Question 62

Characteristics of theories

Answer 62

* Interrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. * Are logical in nature. * Are generalizable. * Are the bases for hypotheses that can be tested. * Increase the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. * Are used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice. * Are consistent with other validated theories, laws, and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated.

Question 63

Refers to **complexity and degree of abstraction**. Includes its level of specificity and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions.

Answer 63

Scope of Theory

Question 64

**The theory of theory.** Identifies specific phenomena through abstract concepts.

Answer 64

Metatheory

Question 65

Are the most complex and broadest in scope. They **attempt to explain broad areas within a discipline** and may incorporate numerous other theories.

Answer 65

Grand Theory

Question 66

Lies between the grand nursing models and more circumscribed, concrete ideas (practice or situation-specific theories).

Answer 66

Middle range theory

Question 67

Are also called situation-specific theories, prescriptive theories, or microtheories and are the least complex. **Are more specific than middle range theories and produce specific directions for practice.**

Answer 67

Practice theories

Question 68

# Categorization of Theories These emphasize on the importance of increasing the patient's independence and focus on the basic human **needs** so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed.

Answer 68

Need theories

Question 69

# Categorization of Theories The focus of the theory is on **interaction** and practice resulting in a caring practice

Answer 69

Interaction theories

Question 70

# Categorization of Theories These theories **describe the nurse as controlling and directing patient care** by using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems.

Answer 70

Outcome theories

Question 71

# Categorization of Theories The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understanding that each client is a unique individual, so person-centered approach now practice in Nursing.

Answer 71

Humanistic theories

Question 72

The **four kinds** of theories

Answer 72

1. Factor-isolating theories (descriptive theories) 2. Factor-relating theories (explanatory theories) 3. Situation-relating theories (predictive theories or promoting or inhibiting theories) 4. Situation-producing theories (prescriptive theories)