Module 1A

Question 1

What are the characteristics of a profession according to McEwan and Wills (2014)?

Answer 1

1. Defined and specialized knowledge base.
2. Control and authority over training and education.
3. Credentialing system or registration to ensure competence.
4. Altruistic service to society.
5. A code of ethics.
6. Formal training wihtin institutions of higher education.
7. Lengthy socialization to the profession.
8. Autonomy (control of professional activities).

Question 2

Institute - problem solver
College - problem solver and leadership
University - problem solver, leadership, and _______

Answer 2

Institute - problem solver
College - problem solver and leadership
University - problem solver, leadership, and generate knowledge and utilization

Question 3

Characteristics of a discipline.

Answer 3

1. A distinct perspective and syntax.
2. Determination of what phenomena are of interest.
3. Determination of the context in which the phenomena are viewed.
4. Determination of what questions to ask.
5. Determination of what methods of study are used.
6. Determination of what evidence is proof.

Question 4

Nursing’s knowledge base draws from many disciplines. In the past, nursing depended heavily on (1)____, (2)____, (3)____, and (4)____ to provide academic standing and to inform practice.

Answer 4

Nursing’s knowledge base draws from many disciplines. In the past, nursing depended heavily on physiology, sociology, psychology, and medicine to provide academic standing and to inform practice.

Question 5

Areas that identify nursing as a distinct discipline.

Answer 5

• An identifiable philosophy.
• At least one conceptual framework (perspective) for delineation of what can be defined as nursing.
• Acceptable methodologic approaches for the pursuit and development of knowledge.

Question 6

Latin word “scientia”

Answer 6

Means “knowledge”

Question 7

Examples of Natural Sciences

Answer 7

Chemistry, physics, biology, physiology, geology, meteorology

Question 8

Examples of Basic/Pure Sciences

Answer 8

Mathematics, logic, chemistry, physics, English (language)

Question 9

Examples of Human/Social Sciences

Answer 9

Psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, political, science, history, religion

Question 10

Examples of Practice/Applied Sciences

Answer 10

Architecture, engineering, medicine, pharmacology, nursing, law

Question 11

The study or creation of theories about basic things such as the nature of existence, knowledge, and thought, or about how people should live.

Answer 11

Philosophy

Question 12

Study of the fundamental nature of reality and existence—general theory of reality.

Answer 12

Metaphysics

Question 13

Study of theory of being (what is or what exists).

Answer 13

Ontology

Question 14

Study of the physical universe.

Answer 14

Cosmology

Question 15

Study of knowledge (ways of knowing, nature of truth, and relationship between knowledge and belief).

Answer 15

Epistemology

Question 16

Study of principles and methods of reasoning (inference and argument).

Answer 16

Logic

Question 17

Study of nature of values; right and wrong (moral philosophy).

Answer 17

Ethics (axiology)

Question 18

Study of appreciation of the arts or things beautiful.

Answer 18

Esthetics

Question 19

Study of science and scientific practice.

Answer 19

Philosophy of science

Question 20

Study of citizen and state.

Answer 20

Political philosophy

Question 21

What are the three worldviews?

Answer 21

1. Received view
2. Perceived view
3. Postmodernism

Question 22

Are either true or false, subject to empirical observation, and capable of being reduced to existing scientific theories.

Answer 22

Theories

Question 23

The study of phenomena and emphasizes the appearance of things as opposed to the things themselves.

Inquiry begins with individuals and their experiences with phenomena. Perceptions, feelings, values, and the meanings that have come to be attached to things and events are the focus.

Answer 23

Phenomenology

Question 24

For social scientists, the ________ approaches of the perceived view focus on understanding the actions of, and meaning to, individuals. What exists depends on what individuals perceive to exist.

Answer 24

constructivist

Question 25

Four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge according to Carper (1978)

Answer 25

1. Empirics — the science of nursing.
2. Esthetics — the art of nursing.
3. Personal knowledge in nursing.
4. Ethics — moral knowledge in nursing.

Question 26

This refers to the individual nurse’s personal knowledge. It results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision.

Answer 26

Clinical knowlegde

Question 27

This is abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience.

Answer 27

Conceptual knowledge

Question 28

Refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists.

Answer 28

Emancipatory knowing

Question 29

The two dominant forms of scientific inquiry that have been identified in nursing.

Answer 29

1. Empiricism, which objectifies and attempts to quantify experience and may test propositions or hypotheses in controlled experimentation.
2. Phenomenology and other forms of qualitative research (i.e., grounded theory, hermeneutics, historical research, ethnography)