Module 1.5: The Basics Flashcards
What is the key concept between infectious of disease
- human-microbe interactions
- the interaction between host and microbe could result in clearing the microbe, the asymptopmic carriage or the development of disease
What are the three views of microbe-human interactions, with examples
- disease causing bacteria evolve to spefically infect. host to use us for growth (amino acids, proteans…)
- stapphalocoous
- … trying to achieve equilbrium with host that leads to asmptopmtic carriers, wanting to become comensals. Want to love you but dont know how
- typhi
- … occupt other niches but when they enter the host a stress resposne can lead to disease (accidental host)
- commensals in another niche (like animnals) but when they enter humans they become pathogenic
What are the three 4 tenants of virulance complexity phenomenon
- large number of virulance factors are involved in ability to cause disease
- function redundancy between virlance factors
- genetic tratis can be a virulance factor for one bacteria but not for the other
- some genetic determinantr reduce virulance
- to give a chance for pathogen to grown and be transmitted
Define virulance factor and determinants
molecules that assit bacterita colonise host at the cellular level
Compare infectious disease that set them apart to human diseases
- unpredicable global impact
- transimilability
- quistion of durable immunity against reinfiction
- can become preventable or eradicted
- frequent acqution by host of durable immunity agasint reinifintion after recovery
- relicance of iserase on single agent without requirment for multiple cofactors
- evolutionary advantage over human host because of replicgtaitve and mutational capacity of pathogens that render them highly adaptable
- we have 30 yr generation they have 20 mins
- human immune system cannot match
- close depedance on nature and complexity of human behaviour
- frequent derivation from or coevolution in aother animal species
- possibility of treatment for having mulutpling effects on preventing infection in contaxcts and the communit and on microbial and animal ecosystems
What is a host
- a host of a microbe can provide nutrion
- inacapnle of responding adequatly to precence of microbe
What is a damage response framework
- infectious disease need microbe and host
- need interaction
- disease is outcome of interaction
-is it microbe centrered, host centred or both
picture here
Name and discuss two types of bacterial pathogens
- opportunisitc only cause under specific conditions
* immunocompromised,
* host has a mutation (deficnet in some aspect of immunity
* underlying disease, antibioic therapy (change of normal microbiota)
emerging pathogens
* appearence of new dieases causes by new pathogen
* indetiy bacterial cause of known disease
* evolution of non-virulent strain
* change in human behaviour leads to more means of tranission
* modern medicine create pool of weak ppl (a NEW opportunitis pathogen)
State example of emerging opportunityc bacteira
modern medicine leads to weak individuals
What is helicobacter pylori past to present, treatment then discoveries
CAUSES
old: excess stomach acid damage causes inflammation
new: h pylori secretes toxins that cause inflammation and damage tissues
TREATMENT
old: bland diet, histamine H2 blockers, surgery for ulcers
new: antibiotics
SUCESSES
old: ulcers recur if H2 receptr blockers discontinued
new: no reccurence after antiobiotic therapy finishes
What are the issues with infectious diseases
- antimicrobial resistance
- return of old diseases
- diseases caused by toxins with no infection necc
- Bioterrorism
- knowing bacterial cause of prev known diseases
What are the issues with infectious diseases with opportunist and emerging bacs
Opportunist:
* surpressed immune system M tubercoloism
* bypass phsyca barrier (injections, ventilator rubes, implant) P aeruginosa
* Surgery/woods
* antibiotherapy: C difficle
Changing practice/evolution
- large scale food prep leads to increased risk salmonella
- aging water treatment e coli
- new water systems creating eorsols l pneu
- change in virulance resistance
What research is happening in infectious diseases
- discovry of new ways to fight infection diseases
- extract natural compounds
- identify bacterial targets/ virulance factor then design antibiotic
- neutralisation of toxins (antibiotics are ineffective)
- vaccination (bypass need for antiobiotics)
- Contribution of the host to the damage caused by the infection
- cool down immune reponse because it is contirbuting
- diagnosis for optimal treatment
