Module 1: The Basics

Question 1

What is a key determinant in pandemics

Answer 1

Climate Change

Question 2

What are ways diseases spread in olden times

Answer 2

wars, anthrax in live stock, first one was recorded in Egypt

Question 3

What are the theories used to explain diseases

Answer 3

1. Humoral: cause imbalance of the 4 homers
2. Miasma: caused by decaying matter in air
3. Contagion: seeds of contagion by transfering diseases

Question 4

What is germ theory, importance

Answer 4

diseases are caused by microorgaisms, preveting exposure to microorganisms prevents disease

this recognision led to solution/preventative steps

Question 5

What are Koch’s postulates

Answer 5

1. germ present in every case
2. germ can be isolated and grown in pure culutre
3. cultured germ can cause the same disease
4. same germ can be re-isolated

Question 6

List 5 limitation of Koch’s postulates

Answer 6

1. not all strains cause the same disease
2. re-incoluation can be hard cause of memory cells especially for humans
3. Use of antibiotics
4. not all bacteria can grow in lab conditions and in intro growth can lead to loss of virulance factors
5. host suspetability may vary esp depending on if it’s not first illness

Question 7

What causes bubonic plague + syphillus

Answer 7

1. Yersinia Pestis
2. Treponema Pallidum

Question 8

What was the treatment for TB

Answer 8

1. fresh air, nutrion, sun
2. Sanitorium

Question 9

Who discovered antibiotics

Answer 9

Alexdaner Flemming

Question 10

List the Pros / Cons of antibiotics

Answer 10

Pro: treats bacterial infection

Con
1. hospitals become more lax with sanitation
2. bacteria evolution into suspetible versions
3. antivax
4. decreased immunisation rate leading to reemergance of prev controlled diseases

Question 11

Define disease

Answer 11

damage to the host, usually with the manifestation of symptoms

Question 12

Define infection + colonisation

Answer 12

• Infection
  
  • successful colonization of the host by a microorganism capable of causing damage to the body (disease).
• Colonization:
  
  • the capacity of a microorganism to attach and multiply at a particular site in the host, sometime asymptomatic.

Question 13

Define pathogen

Answer 13

a microorganism capable of colonizing a host and causing disease.

Question 14

Define Virulence + Virulence Factor

Answer 14

• Virulence:
  
  • the ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
• Virulence factor:
  
  • a product or strategy that contributes to a microorganism’s virulence.

Question 15

Define opportunist

Answer 15

• a microorganism capable of causing disease, but only when the defenses of the host are compromised.
• do not have high virulence factors

Question 16

Define nosomical infections vs community aquired infection

Answer 16

• Nosocomial infection:
  
  • infection acquired in a hospital.
• Community-acquired infection:
  
  • infection acquired outside of the hospital.

Question 17

Define outbreak + sporadic disease

Answer 17

• Outbreak:
  
  • increase of the number of cases above normal at a particular time and place.
• Sporadic cases:
  
  • cases of disease appearing randomly in time and space, without any clear connection between them (i.e. come from different sources).

Question 18

Define zoonosis

Answer 18

• Zoonosis:
  
  • animal disease that can be transmitted to humans

Question 19

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