Module 15 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(my/o)
muscles
(muscul/o)
muscles
(oste/o)
bones
The formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
hematopoiesis
The branch of medicine concerned with preserving and restoring the function of the skeletal system
orthopedics
(orth/o)
straight
(ped/o)
child
-ic
pertaining to
Physicians who specialize in the nonsurgical treatment of joint problems
rheumatologist
(rheumat/o)
watery flow = joint fluid
Medical physicians whose focus is on rehabilitation of muscles, bones, and nerves after an injury or illness
physiatrists
A specialist who focuses on diseases and injuries affecting the musculoskeletal system
orthopedist
(chir/o)
hands
a term that means pertaining to the bone
osseous
bone cells
osteocytes
(chondr/o)
cartilage
small, immature bone cells that form the bony tissue replacing cartilage
osteoblasts
The process of bone formation
ossification
(cyt/o) , -cyte
cells
-clast
to break
large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue (bone phagocytes)
osteoclasts
(phag/o)
digest
kneecap
patella
each end of the long bone is called
epiphysis
the middle shaft of the long bone is
diaphysis
A fixed portion of the bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis
metaphysis
An area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
epiphyseal line / epiphyseal plate / growth plate
fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle and a bone
tendon
fibrous tissue that connects a bone to another bone
ligament
A large protuberance on a bone where muscles or tendons attach
tubercle / tuberosity
epi-
above
A rounded, knucklelike joint
condyle
A small rounded process above a condyle
epicondyle
for-
hole
A hollow cavity within a bone
a sinus
A narrow and deep slitlike opening
a fissure
(crani/o)
cranium
(pariet/o)
parietal
(mandibul/o)
mandible = lower jaw
(maxilla/o)
maxilla = upper jaw
(spin/o) , (rachi/o) , (spondyl/o)
spinal column
(vertebr/o)
vertebra
(cervic/o)
cervical
(sacr/o)
sacrum
(coccyg/o)
coccyx
(cost/o)
costals = ribs
(stern/o)
sternum
(clavicul/o)
clavicle
(scapul/o)
scapula
(humer/o)
humerus
(metacarp/o)
metacarpals
(phalang/o)
phalanges
(carp/o)
carpals
(pelv/i)
pelvic bone
(ili/o)
ilium
(ischi/o)
ischium
(pub/o)
pubis
(femor/o)
femur
thigh bone
femur
shin bone
tibia
(metatars/o)
metatarsals = bones of the foot
(plant/o)
sole of the foot
(fibr/o)
fibrous connective tissue
-algia
pain
A condition characterized by diffuse pain and areas that are increasingly sensetive to touch
fibromyalgia
(my/o)
muscle
myalgia
muscle pain
poly-
multiple
A condition characterized by aching and morning stiffness in multiple sites of proximal joint (shoulder, hip or neck)
polymyalgia rheumatica
dys-
abnormal
-trophy
development / growth
(muscul/o)
muscle fibers
A group of inherited disoreders characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
muscular dystrophy (MD)
a-
without
without development
atrophy
-asthenia
weakness
lack of muscle tone of the shoulder girdle musculature
hypotonia
hypo-
decreased
(ton/o)
tension
-ia
condition
practitioner who uses spinal manipulation to treat musculoskeletal and nervous system conditions
chiropractor
practitioner who uses exercise to improve mobility and function
physical therapist
physician who diagnoses and treats bone, joint and muscle conditions
orthopedist
physician who focuses on the rehabilitation of muscles, nerves and bones after trauma
physiatrist
consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum
axial skeleton
consists of the upper and lower extremities plus the shoulder and pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
The immovable joints between the bones of the skull
sutures
A bone that forms part of the floor and walls of the eye sockets
sphenoid
A hole that allows passage of the spinal cord into the skull
the foramen magnum
bones that make up part of the orbit of the eye
lacrimal bones
bones that support the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
the cartilage that separates the nasal cavities
nasal septum
the cheekbones are also called
zygomatic bones
the mandible and temporal bone together form the ____________________________
temporamandibular joint
(lumb/o)
lumbar
the highest point of the scapula (shoulder blade)
acromion
An articulation of the acromion and clavicle
acromioclavicular joint
A bony process on the medial lower arm bone
olecranon
The ______________________ forms the hip socket for the head of the femur
acetabulum
(calcane/o)
calcaneus = heel bone
Striated muscles are enveloped and separated by a fibrous tissue called
fascia
(fasci/o)
fascia
cardiac muscles are found in
heart
The bending motion at a joint
flexion
_______________ takes place as the limb straightens.
extension
movement away from the midline of the body.
abduction
Moving the limb back toward the midline of the body
adduction
(Plant/o)
sole of the foot
the action of stepping on the gas while driving
plantar flexion
A palm that is down is also said to be prone or in
pronation
a chronic inflammatory myopathy
polymyositis
a loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
Sarcopenia
(Sarc/o)
flesh
-penia
deficiency
(spondyl/o)
vertebrae, spinal column
an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae to fuse together, making the spine less flexible (stiff) and can result in a hunched-forward posture
ankylosing spondylitis
(spondyl/o, rachi/o)
vertebral column
Inflammatory disorder of the vertebral column
spondylitis / rachitis
stiffness of a joint attributable to the abnormal adhesion or fusion of the bones of a joint.
ankylosis
used to describe degenerative osteoarthritis of the spine
spondylosis
Bone spurs
osteophytes
Fever is also known as
pyrexia
caused by a defect in the metabolism of uric acid, which causes this acid to accumulate in the blood, joints, and soft tissues near the joints
gouty arthritis
also called degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease—is caused by wear and tear on the joints and produces a narrowing of the joint space attributable to a loss of cartilage.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
a painful, abnormal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal
spinal stenosis
Inflammation of multiple joints
polyarthritis
a condition in which synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint
hydrarthrosis
Hardening
sclerosis
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or tendon in the wrist.
ganglion
General feeling of discomfort
malaise
The pain that runs down the lower back into the legs
Sciatica
A process during which an X-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc is obtained after an injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disc.
discography
A condition that occurs when a tear in a disc causes a portion of the disc to bulge out into the spinal canal and irritate the spinal nerves.
herniated disc
a condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it
spondylolisthesis
-listhesis
slipping
Inflammation of an intervertebral disc
diskitis
Inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
A broken bone
fracture (fx)
A break that does not rupture the skin
simple fracture
A fracture that splits open the skin, which allows more opportunity for infection to take hold
compound fracture
A genetic disorder characterized by bones that easily break, often from little or no apparent cause
osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
a chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones attributable to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue.
Osteitis deformans
A disease that is commonly known as clubfoot
talipes
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane and tendon
Tenosynovitis
abnormal reduction of bone mass that is caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost through normal processes
osteopenia
An abnormal condition of stonelike bones that is caused by an abnormal increase in bone
osteopetrosis
Softening of bones
osteomalacia
Abnormal death of bone tissue
osteonecrosis
(Petr/o)
stones
-malacia
softening
(necr/o)
death
-Oma
benign tumors
-sarcoma
malignant tumors
Malignant tumors of the bone
osteocarcinoma / osteosarcoma
(fibr/o)
fibrous tissue
a tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue
osteofibroma
a benign growth projecting outward from the cartilaginous surface of a bone
osteochondroma or exostosis
a neoplasm composed of cells normally found in bone marrow
Myeloma
A malignant tumor arising from bone.
osteogenic sarcoma
a malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane of the joints and in the synovial cells of bursae and tendons.
synoviosarcoma
A tumor of the cartilage
chondroma
A deficiency or lack of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull, which results in dwarfism
achondroplasia
-plasia
growth
an abnormal softening of the cartilage
chondromalacia
An inflammation of both the bone and cartilage.
osteochondritis
(Chondr/o)
Cartilage
the process of recording muscle contraction strength after electrical stimulation
Electromyography (EMG)
-graphy
recording
(electr/o)
electrical
-scopy
viewing
The viewing of a joint with an instrument called an endoscope
Arthroscopy
A procedure that involves taking low-energy x-ray beams of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist.
DEXA scan
a measurement of the level of calcium in serum.
serum calcium (Ca)
The surgical removal of tissue for microscopic examination
biopsy
A process in which a joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis.
arthrocentesis
a joint such as the knee, ankle, or shoulder is visualized using an endoscope inserted through a small incision
arthroscopy
A procedure during which a joint is fused to provide stability
arthrodesis
-desis
Surgical fixation, fusion
-plasty
surgical repair
A surgical repair of the joint
arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a tendon
tendoplasty
-rrhaphy
Suture
a surgical procedure to remove herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord.
disectomy
a small piece of bone (the lamina) from the affected vertebra may be removed in a procedure known as
laminectomy
A process which uses a special microscope to view the disc and nerves
microdiscectomy
