Module 15 Flashcards
A crabapple tree now produces normal sized apples. How did this happen?
Grafting
Genetically, what is the difference between vegetative and sexual reproduction in plants.
Vegetative reproduction results in an exact copy of the parent plant, sexual reproduction results in a slightly different plant.
What is the male reproductive organ of a flower?
Stamen
Stay’ mens
What is the female reproductive organ of a flower?
Carpel
Car’pul
Why are pollen grains and embryo sacs sometimes considered the gametophyte generation of an alternation of generations life cycle?
They are multicellular and haploid.
What two types of cells are found in a pollen grain?
A tube nucleus and a sperm cell
Typically, how many cells are in an embryo sac?
Seven
How many of the cells in the embryo sac get fertilized?
Two
What are the five basic parts of a flower?
The pedicel, (ped' uh sil) the sepals, (see' puls) the petals, the stamens, (stay'mens) and the carpel.(car'pul)
What three parts make up the carpel?
The stigma, the style, and the ovary
What is another name for the carpel?
The pistil
What two parts make up the stamen?
The anther and the filament
(an’ thur)
How many sperm cells are used in fertilization?
Two
Where does the endospore come from?
It is formed when a sperm cell fuses with the megaspore, which has two nucleii
What is the endosperm’s purpose?
To provide nutrients to the zygote.
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination is the process of pollen getting from the anther to the carpel. Fertilization is the process of a sperm cell fusing with another cell?
How do cotyledons provide food for the plant before germination?
They make it easier for the embryo to obtain nutrients from the endosperm
How do cotyledons provide food for the plant after germination?
They form leaflike structures and perform photosynthesis
Name the three different parts of a plant embryo and what each gives rise to in germination.
The radicle (rad'ih kul) which makes the roots, the hypocotyl,(hi' puh kot' uhl) which makes the stem, and the epicotyl,(ep' uh kot' uhl) which makes the leaves.
What is the purpose of fruit?
To move seeds away from the parent plant
Name the ways in which pollination can occur.
Wind, bees, butterflies, moths, birds, and beetles.
Red, scentless flowers attract what?
Birds
General sweet smelling flowers attract what?
Bees
Flowers that smell of organic waste attract what?
Beetles
Sweet smelling flowers with relatively wide surfaces attract what?
Butterflies
White or pale flowers attract what?
Moths
Why are cotyledons sometimes called seed leaves?
Cotyledons generally form leaflike structures as soon as the seedling comes out of the ground.
What does the tube nucleus do?
It forms the pollen tube, which gets the sperm cells into the ovary from on top of the stigma
How many cells are in a pollen grain?
Generally two, sometimes three with an extra sperm cell
What does the sepal do?
It protects the flower’s bud.
What does the pedicel do?
Support the flower.
What is the receptacle?
A swelling at the end of the pedicel
Name the four processes for which plants require water.
Photosynthesis, transport through xylem, turgor pressure, and hydrolysis.
What process requiring water can be neglected for a short period of time.
Turgor pressure
A plant opens each morning and closes each night. What kind of movement is this an example of?
Nastic movement
If a plant is placed with one side in the sun and one in the shade, it will eventually grow with all its leaves in the sunlight. What kind of movement is this?
Phototropism
Foh’ toh trohp’ iz uhm
Briefly describe the cohesion-tension theory.
As water evaporates through the stomata of a leaf, its strong cohesion causes more water to take its place. This causes the water to flow.
Do xylem cells need to be alive to do their job? Why or why not?
No.The cohesion of water is all that is needed for water to flow.
What hormones cause phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism?
Auxins
awks’ uhns
Do phloem cells need to be alive to do their job? Why or why not?
Yes. Substances move through phloem by translocation, which phloem cells have an active role in
What substances do xylem contain?
Water and dissolved minerals
What substances do phloem contain?
Sugars and organic substances
Do insectivorous plants really eat insects? Why or why not?
No. They use them as a source of raw materials for biosynthesis since they tend to live in poor soils
What is etiolation?
An extreme form of phototropism caused by the absence of light
Why is a seedling always able to grow upwards?
Gravitropism
The phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are so strongly attracted to each other that they tend to stay together, even when exposed to tension
Cohesion
A fertilization process that requires two sperm to fuse with two other cells
Double Fertilization
A mature ovary which contains a seed or seeds
Fruit
A growth response to gravity
Gravotropism
Grav’ih trohp’ iz uhm
Chemicals that affect the rate of cellular reproduction and the development of cells
Hormones
Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both
Imperfect flowers
A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay
Loam
Movement in a plant caused by changes in turgor pressure
Nastic movement
Flowers with both stamens and carpels
Perfect flowers
A growth response to light
Phototropism
Foh’toh trohp’ iz uhm
The study of life processes that occur in the daily life of an organism
Physiology
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants
Pollination
Spaces in the soil which determine how much water and air the soil contains
Pore spaces
An ovule with a protective coating, encasing a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source
Seed
A growth response to touch
Thigmotropism
Thig’ muh trohp’ iz uhm
The process by which organic substances move down the phloem of a plant
Translocation
