MODULE 15 Flashcards
Four Factors typically perpetuate depression:
1. S__ial sec___ion
2. Poor a___tude
3. Gr__ing Fear
4. Profound feeling of in____quacy
- Social seclusion
- Poor attitude
- Gripping Fear
- Profound feeling of inadequacy
Unipolar Depressions (Clinical Depression/ Major Depressive Disorder)
1. Pers_tent sa_ess or desp_ir
2. Feeling of low self-es__em
3. A__thy
4. Pess__stic thinking
5. Emotional hype___nsitivity
6. Irri___ility
7. Inability to experience pl___ure
8. Thoughts of s___de
- Persistent sadness or despair
- Feeling of low self-esteem
- Apathy
- Pessimistic thinking
- Emotional hypersensitivity
- Irritability
- Inability to experience pleasure
- Thoughts of suicide
- is a maladaptive response to a specific external events.
- this is an adjustment disorder with depressed mood (DSM)
- no significant changes in physical functioning (sleep patterns, appetite
Reactive Depression
- known an biological depression
- endogenous in nature
- change in appetite, change in sleep patterns, psychomotor retardation, anhedonia and decreased libido.
- it can be medically based
- diabetes, hyperthyroidism are two common culprits; hormonal events can also trigger
Physical Depression
- involves both reactive and biological features;
- most likely represent the majority of depressions seen clinically
- typical onset is consistent with reactive depressions, but physiological symptoms can develop
Mixed Depression
- more severe manifestation of biological depression
- presence of co-existing anxiety disorders
Atypical Depression
Medical, Drug, and Hormonal Influences on Depression
Autoimmune disorders: AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. Neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, etc.
Medical Conditions
Medical, Drug, and Hormonal Influences on Depression
Prescription medications and recreational
Substance Induced
Medical, Drug, and Hormonal Influences on Depression
In women: menopause, premenstrual, postpartum
In men: low testosterone in mid to late life
Hormonal Irregularities
It is a chronic, low-grade “functional” depression characterized by depressive symptoms that last a minimum of two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents. Symptoms are not absent for more than two months, and they are not caused by a medical condition or the effects of a substance
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Characterized by a cyclic pattern of mood, behavior, and thought processes that fluctuate between mania (or hypomania) and depression.
Bipolar Disorder
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least one week and present most of the day, nearly every day; usually leads to a bipolar diagnosis.
Mania
is a mild to moderate level of mania, a period of elevated mood and uncommon energy that lasts at least four consecutive days.
Hypomania
T or F for each number
MANIA
- Marked occupational and social dysfunction
- No need for hospitalization
- 67 percent of patients have a lifetime history of psychosis
- Minimum of six days duration of symptoms
- T
- F. Often a need for hospitalization
- T
- F. Minimum of one week duration of symptoms
T or F for each number
HYPOMANIA
- Has significant occupational or social dysfunction
- No hospitalization
- No psychotic features
- Minimum two-day symptom duration
- F. No significant occupational or social dysfunction
- T.
- T.
- F. Minimum four-day symptom duration
- is characterized by ONE OR MORE MANIC OR HYPOMANIC episodes with ONE OR MORE episodes of MAJOR DEPRESSION.
- moods can swing DRAMATICALLY in BOTH DIRECTIONS
- DEPRESSIONS are SEVERE, and the manias may be quite SIGNIFICANT IN INTESITY
- episodes of depression MUST MEET THE CRITERIA for major depression
Bipolar I
- mood swings involve a severe, full-blown depression as in Bipolar I, but the high episodes DO NOT REACH TRUE MANIA.
- characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes in combination with AT LEAST ONE episode of HYPOMANIA.
- symptoms of HYPOMANIA must be present for AT LEAST FOUR DAYS.
Bipolar II
- characterized by MOOD SWINGS that last for at least two years, with less intense high and lows than those that occur in bipolar I and II; episodes DO NOT REACH true MANIA or MAJOR DEPRESSION
- it is chronic disorder and patients typically have a history of numerous hypomanic and depressive episodes.
- “mild” mood swings, but can cause significant distress in daily living
Cyclothymia
a type of bipolar illness in which an individual experiences FOUR OR MORE episodes of MANIA, HYPOMANIA, or MAJOR DEPRESSION within the previous 12-month period
Rapid Cycling
Signs and symptoms that deserve the most clinical attention are:
1. Distra___ility
2. In___nia
3. Gr___iosity
4. F___ht of ideas
5. Ac___ities
6. Sp___h
7. Though___sness
- Distractibility
- Insomnia
- Grandiosity
- Flight of ideas
- Activities
- Speech
- Thoughtlessness
Bipolar Symptoms Beyond DSM:
1. Ego
2. Ent___ment
3. Ar___ance
4. Lack of A___eness
5. Difficulty calculating co___quences
- Ego
- Entitlement
- Arrogance
- Lack of Awareness
- Difficulty calculating consequences
Etiology of Bipolar Disorders
(Theories)
It hypothesizes that some psychiatric symptoms are a result of biochemical changes that cause nerve cells to get excited. The more “firing” of neurons, the greater the possibility that neurotransmission is going to increase. Left untreated and unchecked, mood fluctuations are likely to occur more often, resulting in the brain becoming
increasingly sensitized and the destructive pathways inside the CNS being strengthened.
The Kindling Theory
Etiology of Bipolar Disorders
(Theories)
It suggest that bipolar illness is linked to an increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of NorE and Epi, prepare the body
for fight or flight. Deficiency of these neurotransmitter at receptor sites caused depression, while increased levels causes mania.
The Catecholamine Theory
Other Causes of Bipolar Disorders
1. CNS tr__ma
2. Hyper___dism
3. Infe__ious diseases
4. CNS tu__rs
5. Se___re disorders
- CNS trauma
- Hyperthyroidism
- Infectious diseases
- CNS tumors
- Seizure disorders
Medications (stabilizing NorE and Dopamine)
1. Psych___lants (amphetamines)
2. Ant___essants (cyclics)
3. Cort___eroid prednisone, in high doses
4. Th__id hormones
- Psychostimulants (amphetamines)
- Antidepressants (cyclics)
- Corticosteroid prednisone, in high doses
- Thyroid hormones
Suicide
Bipolar patients can be at risk for suicide, especially in the earlier stages of the illness. Signs and symptoms to watch for, according to NIMH: (notes)
- Talking about feeling suicidal or wanting to die
- Feeling hopeless, believing that nothing will ever change or improve
- Feeling helpless, believing that nothing one does can make a difference
- Feeling like a burden to family and friends
- Abusing alcohol or drugs
- Suddenly putting affairs in order (organizing finances, giving away possessions)
- Writing a suicide note
- Putting oneself in a dangerous situation
___
