Module 1.3: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell

A

1) basic & smallest unit of life
2) can carry out all activities associated with life

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical reactions that take place inside of the cell

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

(1) cells are the basic living units of organization in all organisms

(2) all cells come from other cells

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4
Q

Organelles are

A
  • small specialized structures within the cell

-cell as factory (organelles would be each individual department contributing to the cells life functions)

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5
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-(also called prokaryotes)

-considered simple cells

-have three defining characteristics: (1) size, (2) non-enclosed genetic material and (3) lack of organelles and other internal membrane bound structures.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells

A
  • Most are between 1-10 (micrometers)
  • 1/30,000 of an inch

-cannot be seen with the naked eye.

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7
Q

The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not

A

enclosed within a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”).

genomic material remains unbound within the cytoplasm

The area where this genetic material is located is referred to as the** nucleoid**

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

(interior) of the cell

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9
Q

Ribosomes are responsible for

A

linking together amino acids, as specified by RNA, in order to generate proteins

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not contain

A

organelles

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11
Q

Beyond the plasma membrane, the cell wall

A

is rigid in varying degree depending on the species.

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12
Q

Fimbriae

A

are protein structures located on the outside of the cell that are used for attachment to other cells.

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13
Q

Flagella

A

are whip like structures found on some prokaryotes and serve as a mechanism of movement.

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

is a glycoprotein or glycolipid outer coating that allows for protection.

The “coat” that protects the cell

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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells are more

A

complex than prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

The Nucleus

A

surrounded by a porous, double membrane (envelope) (two layers of walls)

is the most prominent organelle in the cell

Enclosed in the nucleoplasm

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17
Q

Ribosomes are complexes

A

of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.

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18
Q

Genes

A

The information necessary to determine which proteins a cell manufactures

found in specific sequences of nucleotides called “genes”

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

extension of the outer membrane of the nucleus

20
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Part of ER that has ribosomes attached. Ribosomes appear bumpy

21
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Part of the ER which is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids

22
Q

What do transport vesicles do?

A

Carry protein & lipids from the ER to Golgi apparatus

23
Q

Lysosomes (“lysis” means to disintegrate)

A

are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

24
Q

autophagy

A

Once cellular organic matter is broken into their building block monomers, these molecules can later be recycled into new biomacromolecules in a process called

25
Q

Mitochondria

A

are double membrane-enclosed (phospholipid bilayer) organelles that are the site of cellular respiration.

26
Q

Cellular respiration is

A

the process of using oxygen to generate ATP. Thus, the mitochondria can be considered the ‘power house’ of the cell.

27
Q

Peroxisomes

A

small, membrane bound sacs that contain enzymes specific for dissolving fats, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins that give cells structural support, anchor organelles & facilitate changes in cellular shape

29
Q

Microtubules are

A

Thickest of 3 protein fibers, cylindrical tubes

30
Q

9 + 2 arrangement

A

is nine pairs of microtubules that are arranged in a circle with two additional microtubules in the center of the circle.

31
Q

Microfilaments are

A

thinner and made of two intertwined protein polymers of actin.

32
Q

Intermediate filaments consist

A

of a variety of fibrous protein subunits, coiled into cables.

33
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

is the environment surrounding cells.

34
Q

Fibronectin connects to

A

cell surface receptors, called integrins, that extend through the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

35
Q

Cell junctions are

A

small channels, spaces, or pores so adjacent cells can communicate with one another.

Three main types of junctions are tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

36
Q

Tight junctions can be thought of as a belt;

A

they are mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid (ECF) from leaking.

37
Q

Desmosomes are

A

also mechanical, and act as snaps, or fasteners, that lock together along the longitudinal edge of the cell.

38
Q

Gap junctions

A

are tiny pores or channels that allow for the passage of sugars, ions, and amino acids to flow from cell to cell.

39
Q

The cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

is the outermost constituent of the cell.

40
Q

In 1972, the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure was introduced, which proposes

A

that the membrane is a phospholipid double (bi-layer) in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded, like tiles in a mosaic picture.

41
Q

Most of the lipids in the membrane are amphipathic phospholipids which

A

which self-assemble into a bi-layer with their polar (hydrophilic) heads comprising the inner and outer faces of the membrane and their non-polar (hydrophobic) tails facing each other to form the core of the membrane.

42
Q

Cholesterol may be present in some membranes,

A

giving extra strength and flexibility to the membrane.

43
Q

Proteins are the other major

A

constituent of membranes and can be present in a variety of ways.

44
Q

Integral proteins

A

usually function as membrane channels, signaling receptors, or adhesion points; they span across the lipid bilayer as they simultaneously embed themselves in both the inner and outer membrane of the cell.

45
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

can be found embedded in either the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane

46
Q

Glycoproteins are a group of

A

proteins that have carbohydrate (sugar) chains attached, most often occurring on protein associated with the cell membrane.

47
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleoplasm?

A

Provides a safe place where dna replication and transcription can occur within the nucleus