Module 1: Biochemistry & Cell Biology Flashcards
Anything that takes up space, by having a volume, and has mass.
Matter
Matter can exist in a
in a solid, liquid, gaseous (vapor), or plasma state.
All matter is made up of certain basic substances called
Elements
Essential elements are
required for human life
Trace elements are required
only in small quantities.
Elements cannot be broken down
to simpler substances and there are only ninety-two naturally occurring elements.
Molecules are formed
when elements combine with one another.
If the types of atoms in a molecule are different from each other,
a compound is formed.
Ions
are atoms (or molecules) with a net electrical charge that can be negative or positive based on the gain or loss of electrons, respectively.
Cations
are positively charged ions.
Anions
are negatively charged ions.
ionic bonds
are generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged particles
A covalent bond occurs
when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence shells of both.
In general, covalent bonds exist between
two non-metals.
Polar molecules also
interact easily with other polar molecules.
hydrogen bond
a relatively weak bond, which is often represented by a dotted line because it is easily broken.
Biomacromolecules are found
in living organisms and are comprised of four main types of organic compounds: (1) carbohydrates, (2) lipids, (3) proteins and (4) nucleic acids.
Each biomacromolecule is made up of many attached units of smaller molecules called
monomers (mono- meaning “one”).
The biomacromolecules are said to be
polymers (poly- meaning “many”) since they contain many monomers.
Carbohydrates
commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel for organisms and have the same three elements in their main structure: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, and O, respectively).
Monosaccharides
are simple sugar (saccharide) carbohydrates made up of a single monomer (mono).
Polysaccharides
are complex sugars made of many (poly) monosaccharides linked together and are named according to the number of sugars.
What is a Dehydration reaction?
a water molecule is lost from the reactant side of the chemical equation.
Hydrolysis
involves the separation of water molecules to break bonds in the reacting molecule.
starch is the primary form utilized
by plants to store glucose
glycogen
used by humans and animals
found within liver and muscle cells.
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
What is a molecule?
Group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
Atoms can be of the same or different elements
