Module 13 Flashcards
The big five
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
What is lacking in those with personality disorders?
flexibility, their traits are more extreme and dysfunctional
Personality disorder guidelines
“Enduring pattern” manifested in two or more of the following:
* Cognition-ways of perceiving/interpreting self, others, events
* Affect-range, intensity, lability, appropriateness of emotional response
* Interpersonal functioning
* Impulse control
cluster A
Odd or eccentric
Paranoid; Schizoid; Schizotypal PD’s
Cluster B
“Dramatic, emotional, or erratic”
Antisocial; Borderline; Histrionic, Narcissistic PD’s
Cluster C
“Anxious or fearful”
Avoidant; Dependent; Obsessive-compulsive PD’s
Cluster A: PARANOID
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other’s motives (malevolent)
Often quarrelsome, stubborn, rigid
Cluster A: Schizoid
-Pervasive detachment from social
relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
-Prefers being lonely, no friends, partner, etc
Cluster A: Schizotypal
Pervasive social and interpersonal deficits;
prefers to be lone, little contact with anyone
Emotions inappropriate, flat, humorless
Attention unfocused
Speech digressive / vague
Cluster A: Associated factors
Psychodynamic
Early interactions w/demanding,
unaccepting, possibly abusive, parents, mistreated, parents with psych disorders
CB
- Hold broad maladaptive assumptions
* Inaccurate perceptions
* e.g., People are evil, will attack if they can
Biological
Twin studies have shown some possible genetic links.
Cluster A: Treatment
- Few seek or attend willingly; resistant
- Some success w/group therapy (social
support), given attendance - CBT
- Object-relations therapy
- Social skills training
Cluster B: Antisocial
- Pervasive disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, occurring since age 15, in an individual at least 18
- With evidence of Conduct Disorder w/onset
before age 15 - Lack a moral conscience—” psychopath” or
“sociopath”
Cluster B: Borderline
Pervasive instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and effects and marked impulsivity
Unstable self-image or sense of self
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-mutilation
Chronic emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger and
outbursts/fights
Cluster B: Histrionic
Pervasive excessive emotionality/attention-seeking
Uncomfortable when not the center of attention
Interactions with others include seductive and provocative behaviors
Speech excessively impressionistic/lacking
in detail
Suggestible – easily influenced by others or
circumstances
* Considers relationships to be more intimate
than they actually are.
-Once called Hysterical PD
Cluster B: Narcissistic
Pervasive grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, lack of empathy
Grandiose self-importance, exaggerates achievements/talents, expects recognition as superior w/o foundation
Believes self to be special/unique and can
only be understood by or should associate
with other special, high-status people or
institutions
Cluster B: Associated factors
Psychodynamic
History of family poverty/violence / child abuse / parental conflict
Trauma
insecure attachment; lack trust
CB
Behaviors learned via modeling (families,
peers), operant conditioning (e.g., violence
brings rewards)
Lack of empathy
Treated too positively / over-rewarded, develop superior/grandiose attitudes
Biological
High concordance among identical twins
Lower serotonin activity (ASPD/BPD)
Dysfunctional brain structures/circuits
Sociocultural
Histrionic PD -Cultural norms/expectations exaggeration of femininity as earlier defined in our culture?
Narcissistic PD- Western cultures encourage self-expression,
individualism, competitiveness
Eras” or generations of narcissism producing self-centered/materialistic young people
Higher rates in the US
Borderline PD
Cluster B: Sociocultural
Histrionic PD
-Cultural norms/expectations exaggeration of femininity as earlier defined in our culture?
Cluster B: Sociocultural
Narcissistic PD
Western cultures encourage self-expression,
individualism, competitiveness
Eras” or generations of narcissism producing self-centered/materialistic young people
Higher rates in the US
Borderline PD
Cluster B: Sociocultural
Borderline PD
Research: abused children 4x more likely to have BPD than non-
abused, but…the vast majority of abused children do not
develop BPD
Cluster B: treatment
Typically, ineffective:lack of
1) conscience,
2) desire to change,
3) respect for therapy
But Histrionic PD more likely than other PD’s to seek treatment
Exception, for BPD
Dialectical behavior therapy
Structured approach (weekly individual plus group skill-building sessions)
* Focus on self-harm/suicide
* CBT focus, adding the client-therapist relationship (boundaries, empathy, acceptance, validation)
* Has received considerable research support
* Some meds have been found effective in
calming emotional/aggressive outbursts.
Cluster C: Avoidant
Pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoids occupational activities with
significant interpersonal contact fearing criticism, disapproval, rejection
Low self esteem and fear of being judged
Want relationship but fears rejection
Cluster C: Dependent
Pervasive /excessive need to be taken care of w/submissive / clinging behavior and fears of separation
Avoids responsibility
Indecisive w/o advice or assurance
Difficulty disagreeing with w/others fearing loss
of support/approval
* Lack of confidence in own judgment or
abilities
Uncomfortable or helpless when alone
Cluster C: Obsessive Compulsive
Pervasive preoccupation w/orderliness,
perfectionism, and mental and
interpersonal control at the expense of
flexibility, openness and efficiency
Preoccupied w/details, rules, lists, order,
organization
* Perfectionism that interferes w/task
completion
Reluctant to delegate work or tasks
Money is to be hoarded for future
catastrophes
