Module 13

Question 0

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Answer 0

Pupil

Question 1

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Answer 1

Transduction

Question 2

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Answer 2

Iris

Question 3

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

Answer 3

Lens

Question 4

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Answer 4

Accommodation

Question 5

The light-sensitive Inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Answer 5

Retina

Question 6

The sharpness of vision.

Answer 6

Acuity

Question 7

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina.

Answer 7

Nearsightedness

Question 8

A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina.

Answer 8

Farsightedness

Question 9

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.

Answer 9

Rods

Question 10

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Answer 10

Cones

Question 11

The nerves that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Answer 11

optic nerve

Question 12

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Answer 12

Blind spot

Question 13

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

Answer 13

Fovea

Question 14

Nerve cells in the brain that responds to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

Answer 14

Feature detectors

Question 15

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem-solving.

Answer 15

Parallel processing

Question 16

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors – one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue – which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

Answer 16

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

Question 17

The theory that opposing retinal processes ( red-green, yellow-blue, white-black ) enable color vision. For example, some cells are simultaneously stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Answer 17

Opponent-process theory

Question 18

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave lengths reflected by the object.

Answer 18

Color constancy

Question 19

The distance from the peak of one late or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths very from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long impulses of radio transmission.

Answer 19

Wavelength

Question 20

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

Answer 20

Hue

Question 21

The amount of energy and a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude.

Answer 21

Intensity