Module 12- Qualitative Research Flashcards
1
Q
Methodology
A
- the methods we use to acquire the knowledge
2
Q
Epistemology determines
A
- methodology
- the way of knowing (epistemology) determines how we gather the knowledge (methodology)
3
Q
Positivism
A
- specific type of epistemology
- based on the natural science model
- belief that the truth objectively exists and want to determine universal causal laws
- knowledge can be gathered by the scientific model and empirically observed
- quantitative data
- determine cause and effect
4
Q
Chosen methodology for positivists is
A
- experimental method
- want to determine cause
-control the IV and random assignment
5
Q
Positivists believe
A
- science is objective and value free
- using the scientific method we can objectively as unbiasedly access the truth
6
Q
what reasoning do positivist use
A
Deductive Reasoning
7
Q
Critics of positivists
A
- no such thing as truly objective research
- researcher cannot objectively access the truth
- everyone including the researcher is inherently biased
8
Q
Post Positivism
A
- believes the object truth does exists
- but we can only approximate that reality and never truly attain our goal
- assumes there is inherent bias
ex. believe the apple is the object truth, but we cannot truly pick the apple. but we can get close using mulitple methods - rely on deductive reasoning
9
Q
Triangulate
A
- used in post positivism
- using multiple researchers and multiple methods approximate the objective truth/ reality
10
Q
Critiques of positivism and post positivism
A
- both are flawed for examining psychological phenomena because humans are not like the objects in natural science
- using these methods researchers have neglected people have reasons for acting the way they do and attach meanings to their actions
- humans behaviours are not objective but more subjective
11
Q
Post Modernists/ Social Constructionists
A
- emphasize the meaning people attach to their experiences rather than causal laws
- believe knowledge is socially constructed and continuously being reconstructed
- no object reality of psychological aspects
- gain holistic understanding by seeing the knowledge through the eyes of the participant
- focuses on subjective means rather than objective realities
12
Q
Primary means of constructing socially shared knowledge is through
A
- language
13
Q
Social constructionists use
A
- Qualitative Data
- letting participants share their own experiences with the phenomenon under study
14
Q
what bias do social constructionists acknowledge
A
- research bias
- researcher is acknowledged as another participant who is co creating the results with the participants (co- participants in the process)
15
Q
Qualitative Research
A
- believe there is not one object reality but multiple subjective realities ^ use multiple methods
- different individuals who experience the same phenomenon attach different meanings to them
16
Q
Linear Research Process
A
- used by positivists
- develop a hypothesis, design method, gather data, analyze data, make conclusion about hypothesis
17
Q
Cyclic Research Process
A
- used in qualitative research
- they have a guiding question that they refine as they analyze and collect data
18
Q
Bracketing
A
- used in qualitative research
- researchers will keep extensive notes regarding reactions to the data, findings, research
- research keeps on reflecting on the research process and the biases
- theses reflections are used in the final report
19
Q
qualitative data is always collected in
A
- the field
- no manipulation of the variables
- researchers are interested in peoples experiences with the issue under study
20
Q
Power stance bw researcher and participant in qualitative research is
A
- minimized
- both are seen as being in an equal, reciprocal relationship
21
Q
sample size and qualitative research
A
- small sample
22
Q
qualitative research is not concern with
A
- generalizing the findings to a larger population or cause and effect laws
- want to represent diverse experiences with the phenomenon
23
Q
Saturation
A
- qualitative data will keep recruiting participants until the data has become saturated
- meaning no new themes are emerging
24
Q
Saturation is more important than
A
- statistical significance
- generalizability
25
Q
what type of reasoning does qualitative research use
A
- inductive reasoning
26
Q
beliefs about hypothesis in qualitative research
A
- hypotheses are not used in qualitative research like in quantitative
- believe a hypothesis will bias the researcher and won’t be as open minded to other themes that may emerge
- lead to important aspects being unobserved
27
Q
deductive reasoning used for
A
- testing theories
- generating a hypothesis from theories and testing that hypothesis to therefore test the theory
28
Q
qualitative researchers want to
A
- develop theories therefore they use inductive reasoning
29
Q
Grounded theory approach/ grounded theorizing
A
- used by qualitative researchers
- used to develop theories from the data
- develop theories “grounded” in the data
30
Q
Participant Observation
A
- used to collect qualitative data
- researcher becomes personally familiar with the phenomenon under study
- researcher joins the group for an extended period of time
- build good rapport with participants
- be unbiased in observations
- need accurate filed notes
31
Q
Interview Methods
A
- most common qualitative data collection method
- obtain in depth personal experiences
32
Q
requirements for interviewer methods
A
- need good interviewing skill and rapport with the participant
- Probe participants to elaborate; helps draw out the meaning participants attach to experiences
- observation skills; non verbal behaviours of the participants can be informative
- honour the participants and be unbiased, no judgement
33
Q
Focus Group
A
- Type of Interview Method
- discussion with a group of individuals who all have experience with that issue
- interviewer observes interactions between group members and notes attitudes, opinions …
34
Q
Advantages of Focus Groups
A
- involves more than one participant
- group conversation can reveal aspects individual interviews don’t
-utilizes group dynamics - gather data from individuals who share the same experiences
35
Q
Drawbacks of Focus Groups
A
- controlling individuals who dominate the conversations
- don’t want a group for very sensitive or personal topic. only if the group is already pre formed
36
Q
how do we judge the quality of quantitative research?
A
- reliability and validity
- but this is inappropriate to use these when judging the quality of qualitative research because they assume an objective truth
37
Q
to judge the quality of qualitative data, all the criteria collectively strive for
A
- trustworthiness
38
Q
who developed the criteria for judging the quality of qualitative research?
A
- Lincoln and Guba
- developed all the indices to establish trustworthiness
39
Q
Indices to establish trustworthiness
A
- Credibility
- Dependability
- Transferability
- Confirmability
40
Q
Credibility
A
- extent to which findings make sense to the participants
- has the researcher accurately described the participants experiences
- the researcher will often take the results back to the participant to see if the results make sense to the participant
- compared to validity in quantitative research
41
Q
Dependability
A
- documenting the research process
- documenting the data collection, analysis, importance decisions…
- involves an audit trail
42
Q
Audit Trail
A
- used to meet the criteria of dependability
- involves extensive field notes, reflexive journalling…
- participants or other researchers should be able to audit our process; to make sure our decisions are logical and traceable
- compared to reliability in quantitative research
43
Q
Transferability
A
- refers to generalizability
- but broad generalizations are not required in qualitative research
- compared to external validity in quantitive research
44
Q
Confirmability
A
- concerned with researchers findings are derived from the data and not subject to bias
- confirmability is established when credibility, dependability and transferability all are achieved
- audit trail is central
- compared to objectivity in quantitive research
