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1st Year: Biology > Module 1.2: Immunity > Flashcards

Module 1.2: Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a MICROBE ?

A

Very small living things are called MICROBES or MICRO-ORGANISMS. ‘Organisms’ because they are living things, and ‘micro’ because they are very small.

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2
Q

What is a PATHOGEN ?

A

A PATHOGEN is something that doesn’t belong in your body and could cause you harm, e.g. Bacteria and Viruses

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3
Q

What is a WHITE BLOOD CELL ?

A
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4
Q

What is an ANTIBODY ?

A

ANTIBODIES are special molecules which attach to the PATHOGEN and DESTROY it.

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5
Q

Can you list 4 different types of MICROBES?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Viruses
  4. Protozoa
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6
Q

What is BACTERIA?

A

Bacteria are among the smallest living things. A single bacterium consists of just one cell, that can carry out ALL seven life processes.

  • Some have hair – like on outside to allow them to move.
  • There are many different species of bacteria
  • Some species are useful and some are harmful.
  • Examples: E.coli and Clostridium Tetani
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7
Q

Can you describe 4 useful things that Bacteria do?

A
  • Bacteria are used to make some FOOD e.g. cheese and yogurt
  • Bacteria helps COWS digest plants
  • Bacteria in our intestines help humans make some VITAMINS
  • Bacteria help to breakdown SEWAGE into harmless substances
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8
Q

What is FUNGI?

A
  • Fungi can be either single-celled or multi-cellular organisms
  • Include yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.
  • Some are useful and some are harmful (cause disease)
  • Fungi – are micro-organisms
  • There are two main types of fungi – yeast and mould
  • Yeast are single-celled fungi
  • Moulds have a hairy appearance
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9
Q

Can you describe 3 useful things that Fungi do?

A
  • We are able to eat MUSHROOMS
  • Yeast is a single celled fungus that we use to produce BREAD and BEER
  • Chemical produced by moulds can be used to make clear fruit juice.
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10
Q

What are VIRUSES?

A
  • Viruses are the smallest of the micro-organisms
  • All viruses cause disease – there are many types of virus that cause different diseases
  • Examples of human diseases that are caused by viruses are flu, common cold and chicken pox.
  • Viruses cause diseases in plants and animals
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11
Q

What are PROTOZOA?

A
  • Protozoa are SINGLE-CELLED micro-organisms
  • They need to live in a MOIST areas to stop them drying out – many live in water
  • Some are able to MOVE
  • Examples are AMOEBA, paramecium and plasmodium
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12
Q

What areas do PATHOGENS enter the body?

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Mouth
  3. Nose
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13
Q

What are the first line of defence that aim to prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tears
  3. Hair
  4. Mucus
  5. Saliva
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14
Q

If pathogens get past one of the first lines of defence, how does the body deal with them?

A

If a pathogen makes it past these first lines of defence, then it is your WHITE BLOOD CELLS that RECOGNISE the pathogen and attempt to DESTROY it.

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15
Q

How do White Blood Cells attempt to destroy the pathogen?

A

Some white blood cells destroy pathogens by DIRECTLY EATING the pathogen, whilst others make ANTIBODIES.

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16
Q

What are the stages involved in developing immunity?

A
17
Q

What are the stages involved in giving VACCINES to immunise against a disease?

How do VACCINES protect from us from disease?

A
18
Q

Name 2 diseases that can be prevented by vaccines?

A

Whooping Cough
Flu

19
Q

How do you calculate a percentage?

A
  1. Divide the number you are given by the total
  2. Then multiple by 100
  3. Example: There are 12 people in a class of 20 with brown hair. What % is this?
                Step 1:  12 / 20   =  0.6
            Step 2:  0.6 x 100 = 60%
20
Q

% Example: Jenna scored 16/22 in her cells and infection test. What is this as a %?

A

= 16 / 22 x 100 = 73%

21
Q

% Example: In a year group of 250 pupils, 230 have had the influenza vaccine. What is this as a %?

A

= 230 / 250 x 100 = 92%

22
Q

% Example: Subhaan wants to buy a football. He has £40 to spend and the football costs £16. What % of his money has he spent?

A

= £16 / £40 x 100 = 40%

23
Q

% Example: In a survey of 1500 people, 900 preferred cats to dogs. What percentage of people prefer cats to dogs?

A

= 900 / 1500 x 100 = 60%

24
Q

% Example: In a class of 30 primary 1 pupils, 20 have had chicken pox before. What percentage of pupils have had chicken pox?

A

= 20 / 30 x 100 = 67%

25
Q

What is the proper name for a ‘living thing’?

A

Microbes or Micro-organisms

26
Q

What is the other name for a ‘microbe’?

A

Micro-organisms

27
Q

What piece of equipment do you need to use to see micro-organisms?

A

Microscope

28
Q

What are SUPERBUGS?

A
  • ‘Superbugs’ are bacteria that cause problems in hospitals.
  • If superbugs get into someone’s blood, they can cause serious problems or even death.
  • Two superbugs found in dirt are: MRSA and C. difficile (C. diff)
  • C. Difficile is the most difficult to get rid of
  • Resistant to antibiotics

1st Year: Biology (3 decks)

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