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NURS322 > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Public health efforts in the late 1800s focused on what

A

environmental conditions such as sanitation, control of communicable diseases, education for health, prevention of disease and disability, and care of aged and sick persons in their homes

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2
Q

Public and community health nurses are products of various what

A

social, economic, and political forces, and incorporate both the sciences of public health and nursing science.

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3
Q

What is the mission of public health nursing

A

The promotion of health and the prevention of disease

To preserve, protect, and improve the health of populations through activities that improve the environment, encourage lifestyle and behavior change, and assure access to care

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4
Q

All people and cultures have been concerned with events surrounding waht

A

birth

death

illness

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5
Q

How have various historical events of public health activities reflected the state of knowledge at the time

A

Spiritual cleanliness and community responsibility of the ancient Hebrews

Systems of personal hygiene practiced by the Greeks

Romans developed public health as a governmental matter beyond individual practice
Clean water, effective sewage removal, swamp drainage systems were the forerunner of politically sanctioned environmental protections of the public’s health

Ancient Babylonians: understood need for hygiene; some medical skills

Egyptians: variety of pharmaceutical preparation; public drainage systems; earth privies

Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601: guaranteed assistance for poor, blind, and “lame” individuals.

Industrial Revolution: previous care structures (family & friends) were not enough so created nursing care institutions & homes

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6
Q

How was the Medieval period important to public health?

A

Walled towns with crowded together people in very unsanitary conditions led to the development and rapid spread of disease, with little treatment

Most deaths at the time related back to infectious disease

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7
Q

Causative Agent of the Black Death

A

Yersinia Pestis

Found on rat flees

1/10 died even if treated

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8
Q

How was the Renaissance important to public health

A

Development of the idea that when a political jurisdiction protected and cared for its citizens, it could reap the economic benefits of production and world trade

Healthy laborers and soldiers became valuable commodities

Health workers seen as a valuable commodity and that healthcare ensured a countries stability

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9
Q

John Bellers

A

worked with poor in London and argued pop health was too valuable to left to the individual and was the responsibility of the state

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10
Q

Edwin Chadwick

A

social reformed

Drafted the poor law commission of 1834

Advocated using data to link population characteristics, environmental conditions, and the incidence of disease

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11
Q

Chadwick Report

A

Poor Law Commission of 1834

Said Government should be involved in protecting the citizens health

improved the sanitation and led to establishing poor houses, workhouses, hospitals, and provisions of service to the poor in England

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12
Q

Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601

A

Systems to care for the sick, poor, aged, mentally ill, and dependents

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13
Q

What forced early US towns to assume responsibility for the collective health of the people?

A

Cholera and Yellow Fever

*it started as a family/friend system of care

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14
Q

In 1751 the first what was established in America

A

hospital

Pennsylvania hospital in Philadelphia

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15
Q

New York Poor Law of 1788

A

towns were to establish almshouses for the care of the poor; persisted into the 1930s

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16
Q

Early US public health initiatives were motivated by …

A

economic concerns more so than humanitarian ones

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17
Q

The 1798 Marine Hospital Service would later become …

A

the Public Health Service

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18
Q

What was founded in 1847 in the US

A

The American medical association

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19
Q

Lemuel Shattuck

A

Architect of America Public Health

Provided the report of the sanitary commission of Massachusetts (1850) that documented the differences in morbidity and morality in different locations and linked them to the environment

revolutionized the US census

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20
Q

First Epidemiologist

A

John Snow

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21
Q

John Snow

A

first epidemiologist

important roll in 1854 london cholera epidemic by finding the source of cholera at a well

introduced the idea of public health policy that ended the problem

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22
Q

Florence Nightengale

A

Similar to a public nurse

Crimean War

Used Stat data to prove theories

organized nursing education in hospitals

political reformer for the development of professional and public health nursing in the US

Believed nursing should promote health and prevent illness - emphasis on proper nutrition, rest, sanitation, and hygiene

Avid reader and supported the chadwick report

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23
Q

William Rathbone

A

Founded the 1st district nursing association in liverpool england

realized there was a lack of trained nursing and training was disorganized and variable in quality

in 1860. F Nightengale advised him to start a nurse training school and home for nurses attached to royal infirmary

Lady Superintendent of each liverpool district underwrote the costs

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24
Q

First US Nursing School

A

1873

NYC Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing (Following Nightingale principles)

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25
Q

Second and Third Nursing Schools to Open in US

A
  1. Mass General Hospital

3. Connecticut Hospital in Hartford

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26
Q

Mary Mahoney

A

1st AA graduate from nursing school in 1879

She worked with Adah Thoms to found the National Association of Colored Grad NUrses to raise standards for AA nurses

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27
Q

Jessie Sleet (Scales)

A

1st AA Public Health Nurse when she was hired by NYC Charity Organization Society in 1900

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28
Q

Who was caused the first emergence of home visiting

A

Saint Vincent de Paul

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29
Q

Saint Vincent De Paul

A

1612 - worked as a priest and felt convinced he should work with the poor too

1617 - worked among the poor through contact with daughters of charity

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30
Q

Irish Sisters of Charity

A

1815 Deaconesses

Did what is considered early nursing

Incorporated care of the sick at home and developed a system of district nursing

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31
Q

The idea of Public Health and Public Health nursing did not begin until

A

1923

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32
Q

What was established in 1869

A

mass board of health

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33
Q

What was established in 1872

A

American public health association(APHA) established

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34
Q

What occurred in 1881

A

Clara Barton established the American Red Cross

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35
Q

The Late 1800s marked the formation of what in the US

A

local health dept in urban areas

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36
Q

What was established in 1923

A

Public health nursing section of the APHA made

took till then to make public health nursing a thing

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37
Q

Clara Barton

A

founded Red Cross in 1881 and its Rural Nursing Service which initiated home nursing care in areas outside larger cities

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38
Q

Henry Street Settlement

A

non profit healthcare for large immigrant population in NYC and works toward social justice reforms

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39
Q

Who founded the Henry Street Settlement

A

Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster in 1893

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40
Q

Ada Mayo Steward

A

worked with families in home visits to help grow industrial nursing into occupational health nursing (related to jobs)

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41
Q

Lina Rogers

A

Henry Street Settlement resident who became the first school nurse in 1902

She decreased absenteeism by 90% prompting NYC to hire 27 more school nurses

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42
Q

School nursing was also an extension of ..

A

home visits

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43
Q

___ ___ was the first public health nurse as well as the first to provide home visits for policy holders of insurance

A

Lillian Wald

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44
Q

Mary Adelaide Nutting

A

developed 1 post training school course specializing in public health nursing

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45
Q

Sheppard Towner Act

A

Maternity and Infancy Act

Federal funds for state programs that combatted the high infant and maternal death rates especially in rural areas

46
Q

The Goldmark Report

A

recommended that nursing education be based on an educational plan rather than based on hospital service needs

47
Q

Who was the first president of the National Organization for public health nursing (NOPHN)

A

Lillian wald

48
Q

Mary Breckinridge

A

Started the Frontier Nursing Services which treated mothers and babies in rural areas in America with Midwifery needs

49
Q

Challenges for AA Nurses in PHN

A

segregated nursing education in the south until 1960s

Lower salaries in the south than for white nurses

50
Q

National health circle for colored people (1919)

A

scholarships for AA nurses

promoted public health work in AA communities in the south

51
Q

How did the Great Depression influence public health

A

Agencies and communities unable to meet the huge needs and numbers of the poor

Decreased funding for nursing services

52
Q

Pearl Mclver

A

first nurse employed by US public health service during the depression

53
Q

Social Security Act of 1935

A

made to prevent recurrence of the effects of the Depression

54
Q

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

A

state grants for home medical care

55
Q

How did WWII influence nursing

A

increased need for nurses both for the war and at home

56
Q

Bolton Act

A

established Cadet Nursing Core

supported increased undergrad and grad enrollment in schools of nursing by providing funding

57
Q

1946 Hill Burton Act

A

National hospital survey and construction act

stimulated the growth of the health care industry by providing funds for hospital and health enter construction

58
Q

What was a significant need post WWII

A

significant rise in health problems with the military returning requiring more care

59
Q

The Department of health, education, and welfare (HEW) eventually became …

A

The US Dept of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)

60
Q

Important Organizations rising in the 1970s

A

National league for nursing (NLN)

American nurses association (ANA)

61
Q

__ __ nursing is required in most baccalaureate nursing programs

A

public health

62
Q

in 1969 what was established

A

American Assoc of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)

63
Q

What 2 important things passed in 1966

A

Medicare and Medicaid

64
Q

Medicare

A

Title XVIII of the social security act

original hospital care for those over 65

later included disabled and those on dialysis

65
Q

Medicaid

A

Title XIX of social security act

support medical and hospital care for people classified as medically indigent

required states to established joint federal state program

states have broad discretion over eligibility, benefits, and reimbursement

66
Q

What were some social and political influences of the 50-70s that influenced public health nursing

A

Establishment of Skilled Nursing Facilities

County level nursing services

Increased need for mental health services

Mass vaccination campaigns

Emphasis on child growth and development

Increase in chronic disease

Decrease in communicable diseases

Establishment of school health programs

Contraceptive information and general reproductive health

67
Q

Around when did chronic disease case management begin

A

the 1970s to 80s

68
Q

in the 1980s there was a cont emphasis on what

A

child health and well being

69
Q

What was there a focus on in the 1990s and early 2000s

A

focus on cost

quality

access to services

health care reform debate

nursing shortage

nurse managed centers

70
Q

Affordable Care Act of 2010

A

controversial

much of it deals with changes to insurance plans and coverage

71
Q

What happened in 2018 …

A

the 125 year anniversary of the henry street settlement

72
Q

10 great public health achievements of the 1990s

A

Vaccination

Motor vehicle safety

Safer workplaces

Control of infectious diseases

Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke

Safer and healthier foods

Healthier mothers and babies

Family planning

Fluoridation of drinking water

Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

Government sponsored health insurance

73
Q

What are important things to seek in the future of nursing

A

Learn from the past

avoid known pitfalls

seek successful strats to meet todays complex needs of vulnerable populations

data collection and nursing research

74
Q

Why is understanding government, law, and health policy so important to nursing

A

these factors influenced current and future roles for nurses and the public health system and is critical for better health policy for the nation

we need to be aware to advocate

75
Q

Policy

A

a settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end

76
Q

Health policy

A

a set course of action to obtain a desired health outcome, for an individual, family, group, community or society

77
Q

Politics

A

the art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action

78
Q

Executive Branch includes…

A

USDHHS

Enforcement of Health Laws

79
Q

Legislative Branch includes…

A

oversight of and creation of regulations and laws through the senate and house of representatives

committees: aging, nutrition, environment, education, etc

80
Q

Judicial branch includes…

A

supreme court case decisions

81
Q

What shapes a governments role

A

wars

economic instability

political differences between parties

82
Q

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A

HIPPA

protects personal information

83
Q

State Child Health Improvement Act

A

way for gov to share funding with states to expand child health coverage

largest expansion of health insurance that’s funded by taxpayers since the establishment of Medicaid

84
Q

Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act

A

response to 9/11

85
Q

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

A

“Obamacare”

86
Q

Health care Functions of the Government

A

Direct services like the VA

Financing things like CMS and NINR

Information like the CDC

Policy Setting

Pubic protection - govt has authority to protect publics health

87
Q

What is the primary health function of government

A

Policy Setting

88
Q

Isolation

A

separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.

89
Q

Quarantine

A

separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.

90
Q

HP2020 has ___ overarching goals

A

4

91
Q

What are some important organizations and agencies that are international that influence health?

A

WHO

UN

92
Q

Federal health Agencies that influence health

A

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)

Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA)

Division of Nursing
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC: prevention and control of disease, injury and disability)

National Institutes of Health (NIH): biomedical research

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)!!!!!

Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHQR)!!!!

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

93
Q

Federal non Health agencies that help public health

A

Depts of:

Defense - pays VA

Labor - OSHA, etc

Agriculture - collabs with govts for food stamps, etc

Justice - health services for federal prisoners

94
Q

State and Local health Dept influence on heatlh

A

Programs vary depending on funding, public commitment and interest, and access to other resources

Coordinating efforts between health departments and other county/city departments is necessary.

95
Q

PHN is often limited due to ___

A

funding

96
Q

PHN Funding is dependent on …

A

govt commitment to a cause

97
Q

Constitutional Law

A

Provides overall guidance for selected practice situations

98
Q

Legislation

A

Legislation is law that comes from the legislative branches of federal, state, or local government. Much legislation has an effect on nursing.

99
Q

Regulation

A

Regulations are specific statements of law related to defining or implementing individual pieces of legislation; can originate from committees and boards that are appointed

ex:
Board of Nursing (statewide jurisdiction)
Nurse Practice Act

100
Q

Judicial Law

A

Judicial law is based on court or jury decisions

101
Q

Common Law/ Case Law

A

Case law is the opinions of the court

102
Q

Each state has a Board of Nursing created by a Nurse Practice Act.. What sort of things does this oversee

A

Approves schools of nursing; sets educational requirements

Examination and licensure of RNs and LPNs

Defines professional practice and legal titles

Outlines Scope of Practice

103
Q

What is the purpose of the nurse practice act

A

to PROTECT THE PUBLIC

104
Q

Professional Negligence (Malpractice)

A

an act (or a failure to act) that leads to injury of a client

105
Q

Scope of Practice

A

involves defining nursing, setting its credentials, and then distinguishing between the practices of nurses, physicians, and other health care providers

106
Q

Does having passed the NCLEX mean you are protected?

A

no, not if you are not thoroughly practiced in some skill or acting outside your scope of practice

107
Q

Legal Issues Affecting Health care Practices

A

School and Family Health (immunizations, school physicals, reproductive rights, child protection)

Occupational health (OSHA and DEC)

Home Care and Hospice (insurance coverage)

Correctional Health (basic health services are usually NOT comprehensive nor preventive)

108
Q

3 Core functions of public health nursing

A

provide assessment

provide policy development

provide assurance of policies carried out

109
Q

The number and types of laws influencing health care (legislative action, regulatory action, process of regulation, and nursing advocacy) are increasing which means what…

A

it is important for nurses to be involved in the policy process (development and assurance!!)

110
Q

What is a Nurses role in the policy process?

A

To be informed!!! (policies, advocacy, etc)

To make your voice heard!!!

111
Q

How did C Winslow (prominent bacteriologist and PH expert) describe public health

A

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort

NURS322 (13 decks)

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