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module 1 > module 1.2 > Flashcards

module 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

When researchers try to estimate the heritability of a human behavior, what are the main kinds of individuals they consider?

> Twins and adopted children
People from non-western cultures
Newborns and infants
Uneducated people living in educated societies

A

Twins and adopted children

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2
Q

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are:

  • enzymes
  • mutations
  • nucleic acids
  • genes
A

genes

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3
Q

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are:

  • enzymes
  • mutations
  • nucleic acids
  • genes
A

genes

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4
Q

Chromosomes consist of large, double-stranded molecules of:

  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • ribonucleic acid
  • autosomal genes
  • recombination genes
A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ___________.

  • chromosomes
  • RNA
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
A

RNA

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6
Q

Enzymes serve as __________.

  • genetic templates
  • physiological markers of chemical reactions in the body
  • biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
  • catalysts for the synthesis of protein molecules
A

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

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7
Q

Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression?

  • DNA to proteins to RNA
  • DNA to RNA to proteins
  • proteins to DNA to RNA
  • RNA to DNA to proteins
A

DNA to RNA to proteins

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8
Q

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be _____ for that trait.

  • Homozygous
  • heterozygous
  • unitary
  • marginal
A

Homozygous

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9
Q

Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them.

  • sex limited
  • homo sapien
  • homozygous
  • heterozygous
A

homozygous

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10
Q

Suppose “A” is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide and “a” is a recessive gene for inability to taste it. Which of the following couple could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not?

  • father AA, mother aa
  • father Aa, mother AA
  • father Aa, mother Aa
  • father AA, mother AA
A

father Aa, mother Aa

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11
Q

Suppose all people with blonde hair have blue eyes and all people with dark hair have brown eyes. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation?

  • Hair color is dominant over eye color.
  • There is no genetic variability in hair or eye color in the population.
  • Blue eyes are dominant over brown eyes.
  • Hair and eye color are on the same chromosome.
A

Hair and eye color are on the same chromosome.

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12
Q

Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adaptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which of the following would be true?

  • Heritability of this trait is high.
  • Preferences for ice cream are determined solely by the environment.
  • Flavors of ice cream are naturally selected.
  • Heritability of this trait is low.
A

Heritability of this trait is high.

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13
Q

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

  • RNA
  • Chromosomes
  • Genes
  • Corduroys
A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

An autosomal gene is a gene:

  • On the X chromosome.
  • On the Y chromosome.
  • On any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.
  • That shows no evidence of crossing over.
A

On any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome.

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15
Q

Which of the following pairs of sex chromosomes would be found in a normal male mammal?

  • XX
  • XY
  • YY
  • YZ
A

XY

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16
Q

In humans, which chromosome(s) contain(s) few genes?

  • All human chromosomes contain few genes.
  • Both the X and Y chromosomes contain few genes.
  • The X chromosome contains few genes.
  • The Y chromosome contains few genes.
A

The Y chromosome contains few genes.

17
Q

In general, when biologists speak of sex-linked genes they are referring to genes on:

  • autosomal chromosomes
  • more than one chromosome
  • the X chromosome
  • the Y chromosome
A

the X chromosome

18
Q

Color vision deficiency is more common in males than in females because it is controlled by a:

  • sex-limited gene
  • Y-linked gene
  • dominant X-linked gene
  • recessive X-linked gene
A

recessive X-linked gene

19
Q

Sex-limited genes are found on:

  • X chromosomes only
  • Y chromosomes only
  • X AND Y chromosomes
  • any chromosomes
A

any chromosomes

20
Q

A gene is found that controls the age at which a man grows bald, if at all. That gene seldom affects women, even if they have the gene. What kind of gene is this MOST likely to be?

  • an X-linked gene
  • a sex-limited gene
  • a sex-linked dominant gene
  • a sex-linked recessive gene
A

a sex-limited gene

21
Q

Under what conditions are the effects of sex-limited genes demonstrated?

  • When they are dominant
  • When they are homozygous
  • When particular hormones are present
  • When they appear on the X chromosome
A

When particular hormones are present

22
Q

If a group of individuals shares a highly similar environment, what effect does this have on the heritability estimate of a characteristic?

  • Heritability will be low
  • Heritability will be high
  • Heritability estimates will be unaffected
  • It is determined by the power of the environmental factors
A

Heritability will be high

23
Q

If a trait has high heritability:

  • hereditary differences account for none of the observed variations in that characteristic within that population.
  • the environment cannot influence that trait.
  • it is still possible for the environment to influence that trait.
  • the trait is not influenced by heredity.
A

it is still possible for the environment to influence that trait.

24
Q

Which of the following factors, if overlooked, may lead to an overestimation of heritability?

  • Prenatal environment
  • Low IQ
  • Sex-linked genes
  • RNA
A

Prenatal environment

25
Q

Which of the following is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimized by following a particular diet?

  • Down-syndrome
  • Color-blindness
  • Epilepsy
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

26
Q

Most mutations produce:

  • dominant genes
  • recessive genes
  • sex-linked genes
  • sex-limited genes
A

recessive genes

27
Q

Which of the following is necessarily included in the concept of evolution?

  • Species improvements from one generation to the next.
  • “If you don’t use it, you lose it.”
  • Generationally changing frequencies of various genes in the population.
  • Improvements to the individual.
A

Generationally changing frequencies of various genes in the population.

28
Q

What supports the argument that humans have NOT stopped evolving?

  • Medicine and technology are keeping more people alive these days.
  • More mutations will occur because of increased use of pesticides.
  • Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread.
  • Humans are no longer subject to “survival of the fittest.”
A

Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread.

29
Q

Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic?

  • Only non-human animals exhibit altruistic behaviors
  • Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.
  • Altruism is more common among the young than among adults.
  • No behavior has been linked to any genes.
A

Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.

30
Q

Helping your neighbors (who are unrelated to you) rake their leaves because they helped you fix your car is an example of:

  • kin selection
  • reciprocal altruism
  • natural selection
  • group selection
A

reciprocal altruism

31
Q

According to this text, in the control of behavior, genes are __________.

  • all important and difficult
  • are irrelevant
  • neither all important nor irrelevant
  • all important
A

neither all important nor irrelevant

module 1 (3 decks)

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