Module 1.2 Flashcards
The process by which cells of an
embryo become specialized structurally
DIFFERENTIATION
enumerate the functions of a cell
Cells metabolize and release energy.
Cells synthesize molecules.
Cells provide a means of communication
Cells reproduce and provide for inheritance.
homogenous substance that fills the cell and the various formed elements embedded in it.
CYTOPLASM
viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes
cytosol
membrane-bound and nonmembrane-bound structures
organelles
Outermost layer of the cell
Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol with proteins extend across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer
PLASMA MEMBRANE
what is the size of the plasma membrane?
7.5-10 nm thick
include oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface
glycolipids
are incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer
integral proteins
integral proteins can only be extracted using what?
detergent
bound to one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly on the cytoplasmic side
Peripheral proteins
peripheral proteins can only be extracted using what?
salt solutions
give some functions of the plasma membrane?
Functions:
* outer boundary of cells
* controls the entry and exit of substances
* receptor proteins function in intercellular
communication
* marker molecules enable cells to
recognize one another
* catalyzes chemical reactions
* attachment for the cytoskeleton
The cell does not expend metabolic energy during transport.
Passive Membrane Transport
A mediated transport mechanism that requires energy provided by ATP.
Active Membrane Transport
list the passive membrane transport processes
Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis
list the active membrane transport processes
Primary & Secondary Active Transport, Vesicle Membrane Transport
movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent
Diffusion
are multi-pass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.
Cells open and close specific channels for Na+, K+, Ca2+ and other ions in response to various physiological stimuli
Channels
transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes
Carriers
movement of a solvent across a selectively permeable membrane from a higher water concentration to lower water concentration
Osmosis
solutions have the same concentration solute particles
Isosmotic
solutions have a greater concentration solute particles
Hyperosmotic
solutions have a lesser concentration of solute particles
hyposmotic
in what solution do cells swell and can undergo lysis
hypotonic solution,
in what solution do cells neither swell nor
shrink
isotonic solution
in what solution do cells shrink
hypertonic solution
movement of ions and small polar molecules down their concentration gradient; assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein
facilitated diffusion
is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP.
Primary Active Transport
involves the active transport of an ion, and provides the energy necessary to move a different ion or some other molecule into
the cell. (the ion provides the energy not the ATP)
Secondary Active Transport
Refers the movement of larger volumes of substances across the plasma membrane through the formation or release of vesicles
Vesicular Transport
the movement of materials into cells
by the formation of a vesicle.
Endocytosis
list the different types of endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
is a type of endocytosis that is:
cell eating
the movement of solid material into cells
macrophages & neutrophils
phagocytosis
is a type of endocytosis that is:
cell drinking
the uptake of small droplets of liquid and the materials in them
pinocytosis
accomplishes bulk transfer of dissolved substances across the cell.
transcytosis
is a type of endocytosis that:
involves plasma membrane receptors attaching to molecules that are then taken into the cell
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
is the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Exocytosis
movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na+
sympor
movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from Na+
antiport
the signal molecules are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.
Endocrine Signaling
the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized, so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source
Paracrine Signaling
special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses
Synaptic signaling
signals bind receptors on the same cells that
produced the messenger molecule.
Autocrine signaling
important in early embryonic tissue interactions
the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.
Juxtacrine signaling
