Module 1.2

Question 0

Speech is the _______ ________ through which human _______ is realized.

Answer 0

Primary channel, language.

Question 1

Speech is a ____ ____ requiring the most ___ and _____ movements the human body is able to ______.

Answer 1

motor skill, rapid, skilled, perform.

Question 2

Speech disorders May arise from problems in: 2 things

Answer 2

Speech motor control- articulation disorder

Language knowledge- phonological disorder
Book talks more about phonological vs articulation disorder. READ IT.

Question 3

Language is made up of four sets of Rules- what are they and what are examples of them?

Answer 3

Pragmatics- eye contact, proximity, social cues, saying social appropriate things.
Syntax- how the words are combined to be grammatically correct.
Semantic- use of vocabulary
Phonology- sounds of the english language and cominations.

Question 4

Phonology definition: The study of ______ ______, sound ______, and the ______ used to create _____ with those _______.

Answer 4

Speech sounds, patterns, rules,words, sounds.

Question 5

Phonetics definition: The study of _______ _______, their production and ______ _______, and the ______ _______ used to represent their production.

Answer 5

speech sounds, acoustic properties, written symbols.

Question 6

Articulation definition:

Answer 6

Actions of the organs using speech.

Question 7

Phoneme-

Answer 7

smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning- 46 total in english.

Question 8

How many phonemes in the English Language?

Answer 8

46

Question 9

Allophone-

Answer 9

recognizable variation of the phoneme. is unaspirated p= vs aspirted ph- doesn’t change the meaning of the word.

Question 10

Distinctive features- ______ individual _____

Answer 10

Distinguish individual phonemes. There are various classification systems: see book. is voiced/voiceless, nasal, dental.. more

Question 11

Phonological process- defintion: _______ used by children to ______ _______ when _______ to produce adult words.

Answer 11

Technique used by children to simplify speech when attempting to produce adult words.
This is natural, developmental and grown out of.

Question 12

Consonants:

Answer 12

produced through partial or complete constriction of the articulators. (place, manner, voicing).

Question 13

Place of Articulation

Answer 13

The point in the vocal tract where articulators obstruct outgoing breath stream.
labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal, back, central, front.

Question 14

Manner for Consonants- definition, 6 manners

Answer 14

Degree of constriction of the vocal tract and direction of air flow in a sound production.
ie
stops,nasal, fricatives,affricates, liquid,glide

Question 15

Stops- what are they? what phonemes?

Answer 15

articulators stop breath stream completely. Impounded air suddenly releases as breathy puff of air:
/p,b,t,d,k,g/

Question 16

Nasals- definition and phonemes

Answer 16

Sounds formed from a coupling of he nasal and oral cavities. /m,n,η/

Question 17

Fricatives- how and what phonemes

Answer 17

Articulators narrow to form channel to mouth where breach passes.
/f,v,s,z,sh,3,th/

Question 18

Affricates- what are they and what phonemes

Answer 18

quick sequence of stop and fricative. Articulators make contact to stop breath stream, air is then released through fricative opening.
/ch,d3/

Question 19

Liquid- what and phonemes

Answer 19

A class of sounds made with a relatively large aperture between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. /l,r/

Question 20

Glide-what and what phonemes

Answer 20

Articulators move from one position to another. semivowels /w,j,h/

Question 21

Vowel sounds

Answer 21

Sounds produced with the vocal tract open. All are voiced.

Question 22

Simplification processes:4

Answer 22

Omission
Assimilation
Vowel Reduction
Syllable reduction

Question 23

Omission- simplification process

Answer 23

Omission-leaving out phonemes in words because the word is easier to pronounce without them and their absence did not cause them to be confused with another word. (“known” /k/ and /w/ left out)

Question 24

Assimilation- sim.proc.

Answer 24

Assimilation- when a phoneme is changed to more nearly match another phoneme. (“sing” /g/ for /ng/

Question 25

Vowel Reduction- simp. proc.

Answer 25

Vowel Reduction- unstressed vowels become lax and centralized moving towards the schwa. “button” “beautiful”

Question 26

Syllable Reduction- sim. proc.

Answer 26

Syllable Reduction- when vowel reduction is carried even further, the vowel may be lost and the syllable disappear. (“banana becomes “nana” “probably” becomes “probly”)

Question 27

Physical Causal Factors in Articulation Disorders: 8!

Answer 27

• cleft lip and/ or cleft palate
• hearing loss (permanent/sensory neural hearing loss (nerve damage, does not improve) vs. fluctuating/conductive hearing loss-middle ear problems, can resolve)
• enlarged tongue
• high vaulted palate
• short lingual frenum (under tongue)-agula glossia
• teeth (missing, malocclusion)
• Respiration problems (cerebral palsy)
• gender- more males

Question 28

Genetic Factors that cause Articulation problems- 3

Answer 28

• downs syndrome
• other syndromes (lots)
• metal retardation/intellectual disability

Question 29

Environmental Causal Factors- 3

Answer 29

• abuse/neglect
• inaccurate speech models
• socioeconomic status

Question 30

What substances can be a Causal Factor for articulation problems?

Answer 30

drugs an alcohol

Question 31

Neurological Injuries- causal factors. 5 examples

Answer 31

• cerebral palsy: occurs during or just after birth
• CVA (cerebral vascular accident)/stroke: commonly causes Dysarthria and Apraxia
• trauma at birth or in Utero
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Diminished Oral Motor skill- unknown cause

Question 32

Causal Factor- can it be caused by injury or surgery?

Answer 32

yes.

Question 33

Major Causal Factor Areas in Articulation Disorders-name 6

Answer 33

• physical
• genetic
• environmental
• drugs
• neurological injuries
• Injury/Surgery