Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History Flashcards
Complete the following definitions of biotechnology:
- Manipulation of ___ or ___ to make ___ for humans.
- Manipulation of ____ of organisms to change their ____, ____, and ____.
- ____ and ____ technology used to produce new ____ in plants and animals.
- living organism; parts of living organisms; useful products
- genes; behavior; value; characteristics
- Cell; gene; characteristics
In ancient biotechnology, Sumerians and Babylonians utilized ____ to prepare ____.
Yeast; beer
In ancient biotechnology, Egyptians discovered a process to prepare ____ by means of ____.
leavened bread; yeast
Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Ancient biotechnology:
- Similar characteristics between parents and their offspring.
- All inheritance originates from the father.
- Discovered a process to prepare leavened bread by means of yeast.
- Utilized yeast to prepare beer.
Choices:
Sumerians and Babylonians
Egyptians
Aristotle
Socrates
- Socrates
- Aristotle
- Egyptians
- Sumerians and Babylonians
Refers to a theory positing that organisms arise from non-living matter.
Theory of abiogenesis
Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology:
- Found that deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children.
- First researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria.
- Investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope.
- Explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction, i.e. they reproduce sexually.
Choices:
William Harvey
Giacomo Pylarini
Marcello Malpighi
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
- Giacomo Pylarini
- Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
- Marcello Malpighi
- William Harvey
This phase of biotechnology started when humans invented microscope.
Classical biotechnology
Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology:
- Invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food.
- Suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians.
- Discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions.
- Natural selection
- Discovered the pasteurization process.
- Established that a fungus was responsible for potato blight.
Choices
Heinrich Anton de Bary
Carl Ludwig
Nicolas Appert
Charles Darwin
Pasteur
Ignaz Semmelweis
- Nicolas Appert
- Ignaz Semmelweis
- Carl Ludwig
- Charles Darwin
- Pasteur
- Heinrich Anton de Bary
Difference between pasteurization and sterilization.
Pas - lowers bacterial load to acceptable limits
Ste - destroys all bacteria
What is the causative agents of puerperal (childbed) fever?
B hemolytic Strep
Causative agent of late potato blight
The Oomycetes, P. infestans (distinguished by its fungi-like characteristics but is note to contain small amount of chitin only)
Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology (Genetics):
- Found that chromosomes (paired) contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another.
- Shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex.
- Found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes.
- Started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity.
Choices:
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
Sutton
William Bateson and R C Punnett
- Sutton
- Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
- William Bateson and R C Punnett
- Thomas Hunt Morgan
Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ____.
x-rays
Is considered as the first biotech product.
Cortisone
The Rockefeller Foundation (New York) collaborated with the Mexican government to start the _____.
Mexican Agricultural Program
Match the proponents to the discovery:
- Explored streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB.
- Discovered that the same levels of adenine and thymine are present in DNA, as are the same levels of guanine and cytosine.
Selman Abraham Waksman
Erwin Chargaff
- Selman Abraham Waksman
- Erwin Chargaff
Streptomycin is which class of antibiotics?
Aminoglycosides (binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, impairing translation)
Match the proponent with the discovery
- Double-helix structure of DNA.
- Developed the HeLa human cell line.
- Studied ‘central dogma’, demonstrating how DNA functions to construct protein.
- Reported that a genetic sequence of three nucleotide bases.
Choices:
George Otto Gey
Crick and Gamov
Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J Heinrich Matthaei and S Ochoa
Watson and Crick
- Watson and Crick
- George Otto Gey
- Crick and Gamov
- Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J Heinrich Matthaei and S Ochoa
The discovery of what finally resulted in an explosion of research into molecular biology and genetics.
Structure of DNA
Match the proponent with the DNA research discovery during classical biotechnology era:
- Identified the first oncogene in a virus.
- Utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments.
- Developed an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA.
- Released the first set of guidelines for rDNA experimentation.
Choices:
Paul Berg
Peter H Duesberg and Peter K Vogt
Bruce Nathan Ames
National Institute of Health
- Peter H Duesberg and Peter K Vogt
- Paul Berg
- Bruce Nathan Ames
- NIH
This is an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA.
AMES test
What was the first oncogene discovered?
SRC gene
Match the proponent to the discovery during modern biotech era:
- Synthesized synthetic human insulin by introducing the insulin gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli.
- Was allowed to patent an oil-eating micro-organism.
- Was the first organization to achieve the synthesis of a human protein (somatostatin) in a bacterium
- Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing the tool of PCR.
- Announced that they had cloned a sheep called Dolly from the cell of an adult ewe
Choices
1. Genentech Inc.
2. Exxon oil company
3. Herbert W Boyer
4. Roslin Institute
5. Kary Mullis
- Herbert W Boyer
- Exxon oil company
- Genentech Inc.
- Kary Mullis
- Roslin Institute
What is the function of somatostatin?
growth inhibition
Tobacco plants have been used to produce what vaccine?
Hepatitis vaccine by transduction of TM virus containing hepatitis antigen
A mouse model that is highly susceptible to breast cancer has its ____ gene mutated.
BRCA1
What are the three goals of microbial biotechnology?
manipulation of microorganisms such as yeasts and bacteria:
- to create better enzymes
- for a more efficient decontamination of industrial wastes
- to clone and produce large amounts of proteins used in medicine
What are the goals of agricultural biotechnology?
Manipulation of plants and plant parts to
- yield larger amount of crops
- induce resistance to disease and insects
- enrich foods with protein and/or vitamin content
- produce drugs and vaccines
- reduce production costs of crops
What are the goals of animal biotechnology?
Manipulation of animals to:
- Become sources of important products such as antibodies and food yield
- Become model organisms in research, e.g., mouse models for cancer
- For cloning purposes, e.g., Dolly the sheep, Elizabeth Ann, the black footed ferret
Cloning of Elizatbeth Ann, the black-footed ferret is an effort to?
Save the species from extinction
In forensic biotechnology, DNA fingerprinting is used for what purposes?
- inclusion and exclusion of a person suspected of a crime
- paternity test
- identification of human remains
- tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
Refers to the use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances
Bioremediation
What is one microorganism that has been used to degrade components of crude oil?
Alcanivorax borkumensis
What is the goal of aquatic biotechnology?
Aquaculture for use as food source
Triploid oysters are sterile or have reduced fertility. This is a desired trait because?
Energy is directed towards growth, leading to larger meats at harvest.
What are the goals of medical biotechnology?
Used in the treatment of human diseases:
1. preventive medicine
2. diagnosis of health and illness
3. treatment of disease
The human genome project has potential for what applications?
Gene therapy and stem-cell technology
