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medical sciences > module 1.08 > Flashcards

module 1.08 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what two cell types do cartilage contain?

A

immature chondroblasts- secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
chondrocytes- mature cartilage cells, located in spaces called lacunae. (derived from chondroblasts)

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2
Q

How are metabolites exchanged in cartilage?

A

Cartilage has no blood vessels so all exchange is through diffusion.

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage found in the adults body?

A

hyaline cartilage, white fibrocartilage, elastic cartillage

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4
Q

Give examples of where hyaline cartilage is found in the body?

A
  • covers the end of synovial joints (articular cartilage)
  • connects ribs to sternum (costal cartilage)
  • forms the larynx and part ofteh nose and reinforces trachea and bronchi
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5
Q

what are the main characteristics of white fibrocartilage and where is it found in the body?

A
  • less matrix an more collagen than other cartillage
  • compressible and able to resist high pressure
  • found between the vertebrae (intervertebral disc) and in the knee joint (meniscus)
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6
Q

what are the characteristics of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A
  • high levels of elastic fibres
  • the external ear where it forms the pinna and the eustachian tube
  • the throat where it forms the epiglottis
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7
Q

where is the perichondrium found?

A

-it is a fibrous layer which surround hyaline and elastic cartilage ( with the exception of articular cartilage in synovial joints)

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8
Q

what is the perichondrium made up of (inner and outer layer)?

A

Contains fibroblasts along with type I collagen in the outer layer and chondroblasts in the inner layer.

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9
Q

what is the periosteum?

A
  • it lines the outside surface of all bones
  • vascularised
  • perichondrium is continuous with periosteal bone which is continuous with surrounding connective tissue which forms the periosteum as it becomes vascularised
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10
Q

How is bone classified and why?

A

Bone is classified as connective tissue because it shows the characteristics of all connective tissues

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of all connective tissue?

A

relativley acellular, with osteogenic (bone generating) cells widely seperated with in abundant extracellular matrix

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of cell in bone?

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
  • osteoblasts
  • bone lining cells (osteogenic progenitor cells)
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13
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A
  • make new bone matrix

- synthesise and secrete collagen fibres

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of osteocytes?

A
  • found in more mature bone (formed from osteoblasts)
  • maintain the daily cellular activities of the bone tissue: exchange of nutrients and waste products with the blood
  • sense stress placed on bone matrix
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of osteoclasts?

A
  • removal of old bone
  • originate from monocyte precursors
  • multinucleated
  • plasma membrane facing the bone surface is ruffled and releases lysozymes and acids that digest and dissolve the protein and mineral matrix
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16
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A
  • locomotion
  • support
  • mineral homeostasis
  • protection
  • hematopoiesis
  • (fat storage)
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17
Q

what 4 cells are found in the bone marrow cells?

A
  • stem cells (MSCs)
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Adipocytes
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18
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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19
Q

what type of joint are skull suture, syndesmosis and gomphosis examples of?

A

fibrous joints

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary muscle, attached to bones and responsible for skeletal movements, controlled by peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary muscles, found in walls of hollow internal organs. control of autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary muscles, found in the walls of the heart. Under control of autonomic nervous system.

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24
Q

what are the 6 main muscle types?

A
  • circular
  • convergent
  • multipennate
  • unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • parallel
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25
Q

what are the 3 muscle compartments of the thigh and what movements is each responsible for?

A

Anterior comparment- hip flexion and knee extension
Medial compartment - the adductor group as they primarily produce hip addduction
Posterior compartment- hip extension and knee flexion

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26
Q

what is the function of a tendon?

A
  • to transmit forces generated from the muscle contraction through the bone to elicit movement
  • their fibro-elastic composition gives them the strength required to transmit large mechanical forces
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27
Q

where are tendons found?

A
  • tendons are situated between bone and muscle
  • each muscle has two tendons one proximally and one distally
  • proximal attachment is known as the origin
  • distal attachment is known as the insertion
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28
Q

what is a musculotendinous junction and the osteotendinous junction?

A

musculotendinous- the point at which the tendon forms attachment to the muscle

osteotendinous- the point at which the tendon connects with the bone

29
Q

what are the 2 layers of bone?

A
  • compact/cortical

- trabecular bone

30
Q

what 2 components are bone made up of?

A

Inorganic components- hydroxyapetite -> nutrient from blood

Organic components- osteoid , collagen type I etc

31
Q

what are the 2 different types of bone formation?

A
  • endochondral ossification - cartilage -> bone
  • intramembraneous ossification - fibrous membrane -> bone
    creates flat bones
32
Q

what are the four fields of developmental skills?

A
  • gross motor
  • vision and fine motor
  • hearing, speech and language
  • social, emotional and behavioural
33
Q

what are the three major muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • pectineus
  • satorius
  • quadriceps femoris
34
Q

what is the action of the rectus femoris?

A

the only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and the knee joints. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint.

35
Q

what is the action of the sartorius muscle?

A

At the hip joint, it is a flexor, abductor and lateral rotator. At the knee joint, it is also a flexor.

36
Q

What 4 muscles does the quadriceps femoris consist of?

A
  • three vastus muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medalis
  • the rectus femoris
37
Q

what is the action of the 3 vastus muscles in the quadriceps femoris?

A

extend the knee joint and stabilise the patella

38
Q

what is the action of the pectineus?

A

adduction and flexion at the hip joint

39
Q

what are the five muscles in the medial compartment of the high?

A

gracilis, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus
(known as the hip adductors)

40
Q

what is the action of the adductor magnus?

A
  • adduct the thigh
  • adductor components also flexed the thigh
  • hamstring portion extending the thigh
41
Q

what is the action of the adductor Longus?

A

adduction of the thigh

42
Q

what is the action of the adductor brevis?

A

adduction of the thigh

43
Q

what is the action of the obturator externus?

A

adduction and lateral rotation of the thigh

44
Q

what is the action of the gracilis?

A

adduction of the thigh at the hip, and flexion of the leg at the knee

45
Q

what are the 3 the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

-bicep femoris
-semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
(known as the hamstrings)

46
Q

What is the action of the bicep femoris?

A
  • main action is flexion at the knee
  • also extends the thigh at the hip
  • laterally rotates at the hip and knee
47
Q

what is the action of the semitendinous muscle?

A
  • flexion of the leg at the knee joint
  • extension of thigh at the hip
  • medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint
48
Q

what is the action of the semimembranosus muscle?

A
  • flexion of the leg at the knee joint
  • extension of the thigh at the hip
  • medially rotates the thigh ate the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint
49
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
50
Q

what is the action of the tibialis anterior muscle?

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

51
Q

what is the action extensor digitorum longus muscle?

A

extension of the lateral four toes, and dorsiflexion of the foot

52
Q

what is the action of the etensor hallucis longus muscle?

A

extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot

53
Q

what is the action of the fibularis tertius?

A

Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot

54
Q

what two layer are the 7 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg split into?

A

the posterior of the leg contains 7 muscles, organised into 2 layers - superficial and deep. (2 layers are seperated by a band of fascia)

55
Q

what are the 3 superficial muscles of posterior section of the leg?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • plantaris
  • soleus
56
Q

what is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

A
  • plantarflexes at the ankle joint

- flexor at the knee

57
Q

what is the action of the plantaris muscle?

A
  • plantarflexes at the ankle joint

- flexor at the knee

58
Q

what is the action of the soleus muscle?

A

plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint

59
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior reg?

A
  • popliteus
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
60
Q

what is the action of the popliteus muscle?

A
  • laterally rotates the femur on the tibia

- ‘unlocking’ the knee joint so that flexion can occur

61
Q

what is the action of the tibialis posterior?

A
  • inverts and plantarflexes the foot

- maintains the medial arch of the foot

62
Q

what is the action of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

A

-flexes the lateral four toes

63
Q

what is the action of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

A

-flexes the great toe

64
Q

what 4 muscles are in the upper arm?

A

anterior compartment:
bicep brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

posterior compartment:
triceps brachii

65
Q

what is the action of the biceps brachii?

A
  • supination of the forearm

- also flexes the arm at the elbow and shoulder

66
Q

what is the action of the coracobrachialis muscle?

A
  • flexion of the arm at the shoulder

- weak adduction

67
Q

what is the action of the brachialis muscle?

A

-flexion at the elbow

68
Q

what is the action of the tricep brachii muscle?

A

-extension of the arm at the elbow

medical sciences (11 decks)

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