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medical sciences > Module 1.01 > Flashcards

Module 1.01 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 6 bones which make up the cranium?

A

Occipital, Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, Ethmoid, Spheroid

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2
Q

what are the 14 facial bones?

A

inferior nasal concha (2), lacrimal bones (2), mandible, maxilla (2), nasal bones (2), palatine bones (2), vomer, and zygomatic bones (2)

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3
Q

what are the 5 sections which make up the spine?

A

Cervical (C 1-7), Thoracic (T 1-12), Lumbar (L 1-5), Sacrum, Coccyx

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4
Q

what can bones C1 and C2 be referred to as ?

A

C1 is the atlas and C2 is the axis at which it turns on

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5
Q

what 3 bones make up the hip (third of the pelvis) ?

A

Ileum, Ishiumi, Pubic

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6
Q

what is the cup shaped space in the hip called (where the top of the femur attaches) ?

A

Acetabulum

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7
Q

What 3 bones make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium, Sternal body, Xyphoid

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8
Q

what 8 bones make up the wrist?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezius, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

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9
Q

what are the bones in the hand?

A

5x metacarpels, 5x proximal phalange, 4x intermediate phalange, 5x distal phalange

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10
Q

what are the 3 bones of the lower limb(excluding ankle and foot)?

A

Femur, Tibia, Fibula

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11
Q

what are the 5 tarsel bones?

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboidal, Cuneform (med, int, lat)

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12
Q

what are the bones which make up the foot?

A

5x meta tarsels, 5x Proximal phalange, 4x Intermediate phalange, 5x Distal phalange

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13
Q

where does the nasopharynx, orapharynx and laryngopharynx start and end?

A

nasopharynx
- internal nares -> inferior border soft palette
orapharynx
- inferior border soft palette -> tip of epiglottis
laryngopharynx
- tip of epiglottis -> cricoid cartilage (C6)

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14
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity?

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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15
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract?

A

MUCOUSA
-epithelial, lamina propia, muscularis mucousa
SUBMUCOUSA
-blood and lymph vessels, submucousal plexus
MUSCULARIS PROPIA
- circular muscle, myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle
SEROSA
- intraperitoneal: serosa
retroperitoneal: adventitia

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16
Q

draw a stomach with these labels…

A

cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

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17
Q

what cells are found in the stomachs simple columnar epithelium and what do they secrete?

A 
parietal cells -> HCl, intrinsic factor
chief cells -> pepsinogen, gastric lipase
ECL -> histamine
G cells -> gastrin
D cells -> somastatin
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18
Q

what does gastrin stimulate ?

A

Gastrin stimulates parietal cells and ECL cells

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19
Q

what does histamine stimulate?

A

histamine stimulates parietal cells

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20
Q

what does somastatin inhibit?

A

somastatin inhibits G cells and D cells

21
Q

what is the function of gastrointestinal mucus?

A
  • HCO3- neutralises stomach acid to protect the epithelium
22
Q

what stimulates D cells?

A

CCK and noradrenaline

23
Q

how do protaglandins help protect the gastrointestinal tract?

A

prostagladins stimulate epithelial cells to secrete mucus which neutralises stomach acid

24
Q

what is the process of parietal cells secreting HCl?

A

1) sodium pump in basolateral membrane causes movement of sodium ions out the cell
2) potassium ion channels in both apical and basolateral membrane cause movement of potassium ions out of the cell
3) proton pump (H+ / K+ ATPase) in apical membrane causes movement of H+ out of the cell
4) Cl- / HCO3- exchanger in basolateral membrane causes moves chloride ions into the cell and hydrocarbonate ions out
5) Cl- channel in apical membrane secretes Cl-

25
Q

what are acinar cells?

A

the functional cells of the exocrine pancreas which synthesise and secrete digestive enzymes

26
Q

what is the function of secretin?

A
  • secretin in blood plasma causes synthesis and secretion of bicarbonate in the pancreas and neutralises acid in the duodenum
  • secretin also targets the liver to increase bile secretion into the duodenum
27
Q

what stimulates the secretion of secretin?

A
  • chemoreceptors dectect and respond to acid in the duodemum, so endocrine cells in the duodenum and jejenum secrete secretin
28
Q

define bioavalability?

A

the fraction of an administered drug which reaches the systematic circulation unchanged

29
Q

Describe pharmacokinetics using ADME?

A

Absorption
Distribution - movement and storage around the body
Metabolism - cells in the liver
Excretion - via kidney, faeces and exhalation

30
Q

describe volume of distribution

A
  • theoretical volume which the dose would have to be dissolved in to give the observed plasma concentration
31
Q

what does the Vd value tell you ?

A

high Vd -> low conc of drug in blood -> high conc in peripheral tissue

low Vd -> high conc of drug in blood -> low conc in peripheral tissue

32
Q

what are the phases of interphase?

A

G1 - extra organelles
S phase - replicate DNA
G2 - make micro tubules

33
Q

what are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokenesis)

34
Q

what are the 3 major branches arising off the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk: The first and largest branch that ascends laterally to split into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. These arteries supply the right side of the head and neck, and the right upper limb.
Left common carotid artery: Supplies the left side of the head and neck.
Left subclavian artery: Supplies the left upper limb

35
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the abdominala aorta which supplies the GI tract?

A

coeliac trunk - supplies the foregut
superior mesenteric - supplies mid gut
inferior mesenteric - supplies hind gut

36
Q

3 major branches of the coelliac trunk?

A

left gastric artery, common hepatic artery and splenic artery

37
Q

what are the major branches off the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  • inferior pancreatic duodenal artery
  • jejunal and ileal artery
  • middle and right collic arteries
  • ileocolic artery
38
Q

what are the major branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • left colic artery
  • sigmoid arteries
  • superior rectal artery
39
Q

what 2 hormones decrease gastric emptying?

A
  • CCK

- somastatin

40
Q

how can we classify joints based on what connecting them?

A
  • Bony joints
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
41
Q

what are the 4 types of fibrous joints?

A
  • Suture
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
  • Schindylesis
42
Q

where are suture joints found?

A

A type of fibrous joint called a suture is found between the bones of the skull where dense connective tissue is found between the closely interlocked bones

43
Q

where are syndesmosis joints found?

A

Syndesmoses are found in the lower legs between the distal tibia and fibula, forming the distal tibiofibular joints . These joints have a short ligament between the bones so they are very rigid

44
Q

where is a gomphosis joint found?

A
  • Each tooth is connected to the bone of the upper or lower jaw via a fibrous joint called a gomphosis .
  • The dense fibrous connective tissue between the tooth and its socket in the alveolar bone is called the periodontal ligament
45
Q

what is a schindylesis joint?

A
  • this is an articulation where a thin plate of bone is received into a cleft or fissure formed by the separation of two laminae in another bone
46
Q

what are the characteristic features if a synovial joint?

A
  • articular cartilage covers the end of bones
  • an articular capsule: fibrous capsule surrounds joint and a synovial membrane lining the cavity
  • a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
47
Q

what are the basic factors that stimulate gastric secretion?

A
  • acetylcholine: released by parasympathetic nerve system, excites secretion of pepsinogen by chief cells, HCl by parietal cells and mucus by mucous cells
  • gastrin and histamine: strongly stimulate secretion of HCl from parietal cells but has little effect on other cells
48
Q

what are the functions of gastrin?

A
  • stimulates parietal cells in the stomach
  • causes chief cells to secrete pepsinognen
  • promotes stomach contractions, by increasing antral muscle mobility
  • relaxes the pyloric sphincter to increase the rate of gastric emptying
  • induces pancreatic secretions and gall bladder emptying
49
Q

what factors can effect gastric emptying?

A
  • volume of meal
  • osmolarity of duodenum
  • acidity in duodenal contents
  • hormonal control
  • nervous control

medical sciences (11 decks)

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