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Geography > Module 1 : Urban places > Flashcards

Module 1 : Urban places Flashcards

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1
Q

Suburbanisation and example

A

The movement of employment and faculties away from the city towards new outer urban areas, the suburbs. eg Parramatta

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2
Q

Exurbanisation and example

A

The process whereby people move usually quite affluent move away from the city in rural areas. Access to rural life style - escape congested city and access to bigger homes eg Gosford

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3
Q

Counterurbanisation and example

A

The movement of people and employment from areas to non-metropolitan areas because the cost of living at the latter is lower. Eg Dubbo

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4
Q

Decentralisation and example

A

This is the dispersal of activities & people from large urban centres to smaller rural centres. Eg urban centres in bank storm

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5
Q

Consolidation and example

A

the strategy of increasing the density of buildings, especially residential buildings, on existing developed land. eg Barangaroo

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6
Q

Urban Decay

A

gradual running of older parts of the city

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7
Q

Urban renewal

A

This is the upgrading of run down parts of the city through redevelopment & modernisation.eg Barangaroo

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8
Q

Gentrification

A

wealthier people move into & restore old parts of a city area because the housing is relatively heap to begin with, & it is close to employment and entertainment in the city centre. Eg Cooks hill

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9
Q

Urban village

A

This is a distinctive residential or commercial district where functions & character is closely identified with the local community

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10
Q

Spatial Exclusion

A

This is the protection of residential lifestyles by restricting access to the access and freedom of movement in & around the space.

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11
Q

Describe the latte line and what it symbolise

A

an imaginary geographical line from Sydney airport to parramatta and illustrates the divide between east and west Sydney.

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12
Q

what are the reasons for the divide between Sydney

A

East : have major white collar jobs, private schools, higher income, median house prices

West : industrial based and blue collar jobs, more public schools, lower income further away cost and CBD

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13
Q

whats the education divide of disadvantage and advantage.

A

Education ——
East
- provides more learning opportunities eg sport, social networks
- 93% on track
- NAPLAN east above average
- holds most of the private schools on the region
- 90% attendace rate

West
- 86% on track
- 88% have attendance
- NAPLAN west below average

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14
Q

whats the Emplyment divide of disadvantage and advantage.

A

East
- taxable income $83000
- higher percentage of top 1% earners
- more employment of tertiary services

West
- taxable income $55000
- 10% unemployment rate (2x then east)
- higher rates of trade like jobs

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15
Q

whats the ethnicity divide of disadvantage and advantage.

A

East
- 28% born not english
- 22% religious belief
- less diverse

West
- 32% born not english
- 29% religious belief
- much more diverse 38% speaking more language.

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16
Q

Whats the economic character of Sydney

A

six-teeth largest city economy
value goods of $400 billion
went through a period of economic restructuring from manufacturing heavily dominated by information intensive industries

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17
Q

the changing nature and location of residential land in sydney

A

as a result of suburbanisation and exurbanisation cheaper land moved people and business from the city into suburbs such as parramatta. From medium density living to larger blocks of land in the suburbs. fo

East= attractive for high income works dominated by medium/high density houses

west= 57% low density detached houses

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18
Q

the changing nature and location of commercial land

A

once
a working harbour
based on manufacturing 28% of all total employment
blue collar

now
“Global Sydney”
dominated by information intensive industries
finance and insurance
16.2% of Sydneys economic output
white collar
urban corridor stretching form Macquarie university to Sydney international airport (Containing highest concentration of economic activity and cultural authority)

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19
Q

what has been the impact of the changing economic character, nature and location of residential, commercial and industrial land

A

global Sydney (urban corridor) Macquarie - parramatta
creation of employment in knowledge intensive industries
demand for housing

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20
Q

define the growth, development future trends and ecological sustainability in Sydney

A

Sydneys issues

  • coping with rapid pop growth 5.2million – 7.6 in 2050
  • affordable housing – increase urban density
  • traffic congestion – 59% have a car
  • enhancing liveability
  • water supply – 1.4 b litres of drinking water to 5.2 milli a day
  • managing waste – buries half waste by households
  • sustainability By 2035 we will achieve net zero emissions in the City of Sydney local area.
    By 2050 there will be a minimum overall green cover of 40%

eg baragaroo - net zero emissions with powered by renaubles, Recycling and exporting more water than the drinking water that is imported

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of MEGACITIES

A
  • major cities of manufacturing.
  • spatial division
  • dynamic
  • informal economics
  • cultural individuality
  • hyper-urbanisation
  • lack of employment
22
Q

Whats the spatial division of Megacities

A

worlds 35 Megacites- 25 of them located in the developing world with
- 6 in china
- 5 in india
- colonial countries

23
Q

What are the characteristics of World cities

A
  • contribution to the global stage
  • influential media hubs
  • Formal economy
  • centres of transport and communication
  • distinctive lifestyle
  • centres of finance and culture
24
Q

whats the spatial distribution of WORLD cities

A
  • majority locates north of brondt line
  • in temperate climates
  • near bodies of water aids in trade routes and advantage in development eg Tokyo port and new york harbour
  • Europe, North America and Asia
25
Q

Whats the role of world cities in global economic authority

A

Economic authority
Act as financial centres with stock exchange :
- NY largest stock exchange $169 billion shares traded a day
= influence and control flow of capital aspects of economy
- when trading closes for ny and opens for AUS, the trade that took place overnight influences
- forgein exchange rate of currenices
- price of oil and gas.

headquarters of many TNS
- dominant decision making eg HSBC
-

26
Q

what are global networks

A

Networks = links that are in place that join the world cities to allow control of flow of money, ideas, culture and people.

27
Q

What the operation of global networks in world cities
ATCTP

A

Advanced producer services
- Eg HSBC connects London to the world
- key players in world city formation and development with inter-looking networks
- flow of ideas, data instructions, information and people between offices

International transport hubs
EG JFK airport 59 million a year
- facilitates movement of people across the world

Global communication hubs
- EG 21 century fox
- new hierarchies of cities

Major trading centres
EG tokyo ports are the largest with 100 million tonnes of cargo
- sophisticated infrastructure - ports harbours to receive imports and send exports
- linkages and flows between dominant and major and secondary cities
Political networks
2015 paris climate change
- gov conferences

28
Q

Dominance and dependence

A

Dominance refers to the control larger world cities have over many other urban places.

Reason : centres of corporate decision making and investment decisions eg NY stock exchange
global transport and communications eg JFK airport

effect : it controls many aspects of the economy and flow of money and it provides larger global networks though mass movements of people between locations around the world.

Dependences the way in which less powerful urban centres like Sydney rely upon more powerful urban areas like London and having to rely on them for flow of capital, regional links via the global networks and goods and services. EG Citicorp’s international communication system

Effect : smaller world cities like Sydney to be dependent on information, financial and human flows

29
Q

changing regional centres and demise of smaller towns

A

Parks - located NW 4.5 hrs from Sydney pop 1500

Economic and gov activity = Centre link, department of motor vehicles. Major agriculture industry 39%
Education and Tourism = Parkes regional university centre, the dish and Elvis festival brings 25000 to the area

Trundle - 51km NW from Parks, 421km W Sydney
drought and its impact to Agri

lack of employment

30
Q

what is suburbanisation driven by ?

A

-m introduction of transportation, railways, ownership of the car and increasing population causing people being allowed more movement.
- widespread ownership of cars facilitated a period of rapid low-density suburban growth on the fringes of the existing urban area, beyond the reach of public transport.

31
Q

what is Barangaroo

A

The 22-hectare land was a big harbour side shipping area now transformed into a mixed-use precinct consisting of commercial, residential, and public spaces; split into three parts.

32
Q

what was Barangaroo project

A
  • The $6 billion redevelopment of the former shipping yard is slated for completion by 2024 with a new metro station, several apartment complexes and a 275-metre tower slated to be Sydney’s tallest building and home to Crown Sydney currently in construction.
  • largest urban renewal project and aims to be the world’s first carbon neutral precinct through responsible waste management, water recycling and solar energy use and generation.
33
Q

what is the social impact of Barangaroo

A

will allow 23,000 to live and work within the precinct as well as act as a tourist centre, attracting an estimated 33,000 people per day. These outcomes are objectively positives in terms of the worker welfare and a growing nation’s welfare

34
Q

what is the cultural impact of Barangaroo

A

The culture of place would be heavily influenced to due to the shift of an open abandoned wharf to a thriving urban area. The architecture and street scape will be enormously transformed to contemporary tall glass buildings complementing the waterfront surrounding of the harbour and the open walkways along the waters edge.

35
Q

consolidation in sydney

A

It is a dynamic where either low-density dwelling is demolished, or large former industrial buildings are gutted and renovated and turned into medium- or high-density housing.

36
Q

stats for consolidation in sydney

A
  • In 2017 Sydney had approximately 1.85 million dwellings. - By 2031 the city will need to have added another 664 000 dwellings.
  • Most of these will be built within existing suburbs. The NSW Government’s Housing Strategy concentrates on developments that strengthen existing urban centres and neighbourhoods focused on public transport. New housing will focus on better-designed medium-density developments, incorporating areas of open space
37
Q

effect of consolidation

A

The major effect of this relationship is the changing development of Sydney with the changing housing needs of a more diverse population. The demand for low-density housing has declined and there is a growing preference for medium and high-density housing close to the city centre.

38
Q

What is an example of a world city

A

New York
- northeastern USA
- 40° N, 74.° W
- important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.

39
Q

what is the culture of new york

A
  • iconic landmarks eg statue of liberty
  • international toursit spend more money in this city than any other in the world
  • 2,000 art and culture organisations
  • 500 art galleries
40
Q

what is the economic nature of new york

A
  • Hosts the worlds top investment banks
  • New york stock exchange largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of just over 25.8 trillion U.S. dollars
  • NYSE is 5x larger than japan and 10x larger than London
41
Q

what is the media nature of new york

A
  • global leader of advertising and media
  • home to 2 of the three big music labels
  • importance industry for fashion and luxury retails hosting new york fashion week.
42
Q

Whats the role of world cities in global cultural authority

A

Cultural authority
centres of prestige creative facilites eg Paris Museum or Louve
- Soft power the use culture to gain strength on a global level rather then hard power
- major production campaigns are located in world cities based on the high level of interconnectedness

Fashion week
- high luxury designer brans are televised influencing the trends around the globe

Tourism
- ny: times square, statue of liberty, Brooklyn bridge

spory
london olympic games 470,000 visits, $178 million in economic gain

43
Q

the 3 factors for dominance

A
  1. number of transnational corporations
  2. cultural significance
  3. tourists attractions
44
Q

what are three challenges for megacities

A
  1. Poor housing (Dhaka)
  2. Air pollution (mexico)
  3. infastructure Jakarat
45
Q

What was the air pollution problems in Mexico

A
  • In 1992, the United Nations named Mexico City the most polluted city on Earth.
  • atmospheric concentrations 2.5 times that considered
    safe by the World Health Organization (WHO)
  • e city lies in
    a basin surrounded by mountains, and frequent thermal inversions trap pollutants at
    ground level.
  • air pollution accounted more than 100 000 deaths a year.
  • Population growth, increasing motorization and industrial activities, a constrained basin and intense solar radiation
46
Q

What was the response to air pollution problems in Mexico

A

The clean-up of Mexico City’s air followed the intervention of federal and local
government authorities.
- Companies were required to install pollution reducing
technologies.
- A strict biannual vehicle emission inspections system was introduced,
- rotating one-weekday ban on private car use.
- On days of high pollution, the ban
extends to every second day and some manufacturing activities are curtailed.
- mandating low sulphur fuels (that is, diesel and gasoline),
- regulating emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles, and the introduction of lead-free fuels.
- The introduction of a metro bus rapid transport network and bike-sharing initiatives were also
promoted as greener forms of transportation.

47
Q

what was the problem with Dhaka housing

A

Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world.
- The city’s vast slums pose one of its biggest challenges. Up to 40 per cent of the total population of the city live in informal settlements or slum-like areas.
- These areas have few if any basic utility services, including potable water, sanitation and
drainage.

48
Q

what was the responce with Dhaka housing

A

The Slum Improvement Project (SIP), a local government
initiative supported by UNICEF, was established to address the social and environmental problems

community-based effort in Bangladesh to improve the slum environment, provide primary health care, and empower poor women living in these communities

The program emphasizes community involvement with a special focus on an “enhanced role for women in project activities.” Activities are aimed at connecting existing urban services to slum communities and improving institutional capacity to work with the urban poor.

  • empowered poor
    women through community involvement, particularly
    through the savings and credit program, thereby enhancing
    the overall status and economic independence of women in families and communities.
49
Q

Sanitation problem in Manilla

A

Sanitation :
- waste disposition infrastructure can not cater for the high pop demand
- waste in streets, clogging in gutters and sewage dumps into waterways promoting mosquito spread diseases
—- less than half of daily waste is collect by the government

50
Q

response to challenges in Manilla

A

Sanitation Manilla
- 50.3 million Filipinos and 10 million no access to safe sanitation services
NGS project UNICEF project
- 1.3 million with restored safe drinking water and vaccinated 13 million kids
- improved toilets that aren’t shared

51
Q

the changing nature and location of commercial land

A

decline in Sydneys industry beginning the 1960s = rise in suburban industry estate and warehousing in 60s-80s due to to government land release and cheaper land.

Economic restructuring and demise of manufacturing 1990s -2000s = urban decay and lan rezoned

Geography (4 decks)

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