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Clinical Bacteriology [Lecture] > MODULE 1 (Unit 3) > Flashcards

MODULE 1 (Unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of biology that is concerned with the classification of all living organisms in ordered system that indicates a natural relationship

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q
  • arrangement

- name

A
  • taxis

- nomos

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3
Q

this approach is employed in which organisms are characterized, named, and classified according to defined criteria

A

systematic approach

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4
Q

In bacterial taxonomy, bacteria are grouped into [1], or [2] with precise names, to show degrees of similarities among them hence enabling microbiologists to communicate with each other in an efficient manner.

A

categories or taxa/taxon

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5
Q

Example, [1] which is a member of the normal intestinal flora of man belongs in the same family as the pathogenic [2].

A
  • Escherichia coli

- Klebsiella pneumoniae

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6
Q

is the categorization of organisms into related group or taxon

A

Classification

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7
Q

The arrangement of organisms into groups are primarily based on [1], [2] or [3].

A
  • similar characteristics
  • evolutionary similarity
  • common ancestry
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8
Q

refers to the naming of an organism by international rules according to its characteristics.

A

Nomenclature

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9
Q
  • name

- to call

A
  • nomen (L.)

- clare (L.)

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10
Q

involves the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be confirmed as belonging to a previously established taxon

A

Identification

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11
Q

In a clinical laboratory setting, it is the practical use of a [1] to isolate and identify the causative agent of a disease.

A

classification scheme

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12
Q

are needed to organize all of life into a system that everyone recognizes, to show evolutionary or other relationships between organisms

A

Classification systems

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13
Q

Similar with the field of microbiology, the classification of bacteria also have a long history which originated in the

A

1700’s

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14
Q

a Swedish botanist, was the first to classify organisms based on early descriptions of organisms as either animals (Kingdom Animalia) or plants (Kingdom Plantae). It is for this reason that he is know as the “Father of Taxonomy”.

A

Carl von Linné (Linnaeus; 1707 - 1778)

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15
Q

In Linneaus’ honor, the first classification system was referred to as the

A

Linnean taxonomy

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16
Q

he was the first to create a natural kingdom for microscopic organisms which have been discovered nearly 2 centuries before by Leeuwenhoek (1667) thereby introducing the so-called three-kingdom classification

A

Ernst Haeckel (1866)

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17
Q

The third group to which these microorganisms were grouped under was called

A

Kingdom Protista

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18
Q

The development of the [1] in the 1950s revealed a fundamental dichotomy among the microscopic Protista.

A

electron microscope

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19
Q

That is, some of these organisms possess [1] but are lacking of [2].

A
  • membrane bound nucleus

- membrane-bound organelles

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20
Q

an ecologist working at Cornell University refined the existing three-kingdom classification of organisms into five kingdoms

A

Robert H. Whittaker (1969)

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21
Q

Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification include

A
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Protista (protozoans and single-celled algae)
  • Fungi (Mycetae)
  • Monera (Prokaryotae)
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22
Q

There were 3 major criteria used to classify organisms into each kingdom:

A
  • Cell Type
  • Cellular Organization
  • Nutritional Type
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23
Q

Cell Type

possess a membrane-bound nucleus | Animals, plants, algae, protozoa, and fungi

A

Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Cell Type

lack nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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25
Q

All bacteria are classified as

A

prokaryotes

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26
Q

kingdom Monera is also known as Kingdom

A

Prokaryotae

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27
Q

Cellular Organization

organism live in a colony such as in the case of bacteria

A

colonial

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28
Q

Cellular Organization

alone, similar with the protozoa

A

solitary

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29
Q

Cellular Organization

single cell like bacterium

A

unicellular

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30
Q

Cellular Organization

several cells such as plants and animals

A

multicellular

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31
Q

Nutritional Type - Food procurement

Some microbes obtain food either by way of mouth or a similar apparatus.

A

ingestion

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32
Q

Nutritional Type - Food procurement - Ingestion

A few protozoans for example possess a specialized “cell mouth” called [1] through which food passes.

A

cytostome

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33
Q

Nutritional Type - Food procurement - Ingestion

Another group of protozoans, the amoebas, are able to extend part of their cytoplasm and surround a nearby food particle thereby “[1]” it.

A

ingesting

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34
Q

Nutritional Type - Food procurement

Other microbes such as the fungi feed by [1] of readymade nutrients form their environment.

A

absorption

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35
Q

Nutritional Type - Energy source

obtains energy from sunlight by photosynthesis

A

phototroph

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36
Q

Nutritional Type - Energy source

obtains energy by oxidation of organic or inorganic chemical components

A

chemotroph

37
Q

Nutritional Type - Carbon source

utilize the only inorganic carbon-containing compound, carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. They are capable of synthesizing their own cellular materials from carbon dioxide, hence are known as “self-feeder”(auto = self; troph = feeding)

A

Autotrophs

38
Q

Nutritional Type - Carbon source

require organic compounds as carbon source. Being unable to manufacture their own food, they rely on other sources of organic carbon for biosynthesis. For this reason, they are called “feeders on others” (hetero = other; troph = feeding).

A

Heterotrophs

39
Q

Nutritional Type - Carbon source - Heterotrophs

feed on the living tissues or body fluids of their host

A

parasites

40
Q

Nutritional Type - Carbon source - Heterotrophs

derive organic carbon from dead, decaying matter

A

saprobes or saprophytes

41
Q

Nutritional Type - Energy source + Carbon source

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs.
42
Q

consists of multicellular, chemoheterotrophs that procure food mainly by ingestion

A

Animalia

43
Q

include multicellular organisms that are absorptive and photoautotrophic

A

Plantae

44
Q

are multicellular (except for yeast) organisms which are absorptive and are generally chemheterotrophs

A

Fungi

45
Q

are organisms that have either a single cell or no distinct tissues and organs, such as protozoa and algae

A

Protista

46
Q

are absorptive, photoautotrophic organisms

A

Algae

47
Q

are ingestive chemoheterophic organisms

A

Protozoa

48
Q

unicellular, absorptive organisms, which are diverse in terms of their carbon and energy source

A

Prokaryotes

49
Q

examples of Prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archeae

50
Q

Organisms are classified based on similarities of observable traits or characteristics | This system was widely used for bacterial classification.

A

Phenetic System of Classification

51
Q

Bacteria were grouped according to their

A
  • similarities in morphology (cell shapes, grouping)
  • staining property
  • physiologic requirements (temperature, oxygen, pH)
  • metabolism
  • ecology
52
Q

is based on the concept of evolutionary relationships among types of organisms

A

Phylogenetic Classification System

53
Q

provide a method for comparing cells since they are present in all cells

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

studied and compared the rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) sequences (16S) in different cell types and found that there are three distinctly different cell groups: the eukaryotes, and two different types of prokaryotes — the bacteria and archaea

A

Carl Woese (1978)

55
Q

Carl Woese proposed elevating the three cell types to a level above kingdom, called

A

domain

56
Q

three-domain system for classifying organisms includes the

A
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eukarya
57
Q

is a relatively new level in the classification hierarchy. It was erected mainly to preserve the kingdoms as we know them

A

The Domain

58
Q

the former kingdom [1], which included all prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus), was recently split into two domains

A

Monera

59
Q

Domain [1], which includes the true bacteria

A

Bacteria

60
Q

Domain [1], a group of organisms completely unlike the bacteria, except for the lack of a nucleus.

A

Archaea

61
Q

A taxonomy has an overlapping hierarchy that forms [1] or [2] similar to an organization chart.

A

levels of rank or category

62
Q

Each rank contains microorganisms that have

A

similar characteristics

63
Q

A rank can also have [1] that contain microorganisms

A

other ranks

64
Q

Microorganisms that belong to a lower rank have characteristics that are associated with a [1] to which the lower rank belongs.

A

higher rank

65
Q

However, characteristics of microorganisms of a lower rank are not found in microorganisms that belong to the same higher rank as the [1] microorganism.

A

lower-rank

66
Q

In the taxonomy of prokaryotes, the most commonly used rank (in order from most general to most specific) is:

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phyla (sing. Phylum)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus (pl. Genera)
  • Species
67
Q

The basic taxonomic group in microbial taxonomy is the

A

species

68
Q

Species in higher organisms is defined as a group of

A

interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural population

69
Q

Species among bacteria, however, is defined as a group of bacterial cells with shared characteristics, or a [1], a group of bacterial cells that descend from a single parent cell, and differs slightly from other cells within the same species

A

collection of strains

70
Q

can also be further differentiated as to their physiology, morphology, pathology, and on the basis of their surface antigens

A

bacterial strains

71
Q

Bacterial strains

is strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains

A

biovar

72
Q

Bacterial strains

are those strains that differ morphologically

A

morphovar

73
Q

Bacterial strains

are those strains that have antigenic properties that differ from other strains

A

Serovars

74
Q

Bacterial strains

is a bacterial strain or set of strains that differ from other strains on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity

A

pathovar

75
Q

[1] is the assignment of names to taxonomic groups. Bacteria are named according to rules established by [2]

A
  • Nomenclature

- International Code of Nomenclature

76
Q

A standard reference is used for bacterial taxonomy which is the

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

77
Q

It is considered as the authority on bacterial taxonomy, with the [1], and [2] of all bacteria which is also a practical aid for bacterial identification.

A
  • published classification

- approved names

78
Q

Each taxon is given [1] names with suffixes to indicate a particular taxonomic group

A

latinized

79
Q

These are the [1] that are used for various taxonomic levels.

A

endings

80
Q

At present, the trend is to place emphasis on the Genus and species, aka [1], whereby each group of organism is given 2 names, the [2a] name and the [2b], which comprise the scientific name

A
  • Binomial System of Nomenclature

- genus name and species epithet

81
Q

The first letter of the Genus/generic name is ALWAYS [1]. The first letter of the species epithet is NEVER a [2].

A
  • capitalized

- capital letter

82
Q

When appearing in print, scientific names MUST BE [1] or [2].

A

italicized or underlined

83
Q

Scientific names are often shortened by abbreviating the [1] with a single capital letter

A

genus name

84
Q

Some bacteria are given common name/s – trivial names which may be:

a. descriptive of the organism’s…
b. honorary of the organism’s…

A

A. morphology, habitat or attribute

B. discoverer

85
Q

is the process of observing and classifying organisms into a standard group that is recognized throughout the biological community

A

Identification

86
Q

In the aspect of Clinical Bacteriology, pathogenic bacteria in patient specimens are identified by growing them in [1] in clinical laboratories.

A

pure cultures

87
Q

A standard reference to aid in the identification of unknown bacteria, the [1] was published by the Committee on Characterization and Classification of the Society of American Bacteriologists.

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

88
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

The book consists of a systematic guide on the [1] of bacterial isolates

A

phenotypic characterization

89
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

The outline of process includes:

A
  • inoculation
  • incubation
  • isolation
  • inspection
  • identification of specific species

Clinical Bacteriology [Lecture] (4 decks)

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