Module 1 : Ultrasound Terminology Flashcards
Inferior
Toward feet
Superior
Toward head
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Medial
Toward midline
Lateral
Toward the sides
Ipsilateral
Same side
Contralateral
Opposite sides
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin
Distal
Further from midline
Superficial
Near the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Caudal
Toward the feet
Cephalic / cephalad
Toward the head
Echogenicity
Amount of echoes produced
Echotexture
Echo pattern within an organ
Echogenic
Relative term
Produces echoes
Echo rich
Anechoic
W/o internal echoes
Not always cystic
Echolucent
Sonolucent
Hyperechoic
Increased amount of echoes
Describes comparison to an adjacent structure
Hypoechoic
Few echoes
Comparison to another structure
Echopenic
Echo poor
Isoechoic
Same echogenicity as adjacent structure
Homogeneous
Uniform echoes throughout a structure
Determines parenchyma texture Of several organs
Heterogeneous
Uneven texture pattern
Necrotic
Tissue death
Mixed echogenicity
Parenchyma
Tissue
Acute
Sudden onset of signs and symptoms
Afebrile
W/o fever (usually fever means infection)
Atrophy
Wasting, decrease in size
Chronic
Gradual onset; health related state lasting long time (greater than 6 months)
Complication
Develops as a result of a disease
Congenital
Existing at birth; may be hereditary or due to interference at some point
Emesis
Vomiting
Etiology
Cause of disease
Genetic
Abnormality due to defective genes
Hypertrophy
Increase in size
Latrogenic
Response occurring as a result of treatments UNWANTED
Idiopathic
Unknown cause
Infection
Invasion of microorganism causing disease
Inflammation
Reaction occurring in response to injury
Ischemia
Decrease in blood supply causing injury or death (happens over time)
Infarction
SUDDEN insufficiency of blood causing necrosis
Necrosis
Death of cells, tissue, organs
Neoplasm
Abnormal tissue growth due to an abnormal proliferation of cells
Prognosis
Forecast of probable outcome of disease
Sign
Finding during a physical exam
Symptom
Complaint from the patient
tissues changes can be ?
- focal
- diffuse
focal changes
- localized changes in structure (organ)
- circumscribed (borders)
- defined by a wall
- single or multiple
- MASS
diffuse changes
- changes that affect the overall organ parenchcyma \+ echo texture \+ size shape \+ organ positon \+ influence on adjacent structures - INFILTRATIVE - subtle
key info in characterizing abnormalities
- location
- size
- shape
- wall definition/contour
- internal echo pattern
- attenuation characteristics
- vascularity
- compression/displacemnet
location - diffuse
- may change the position of on organ
location - focal
- reference relational anatomy
- use directional amatomy
+ coinauds
size - diffuse
- change in organ size
- measure organ
size - focal
- 2 planes/ 3 measurements
shape - diffuse
- organ contour changes
shape - focal
- round or oval
- irregular
wall definition / contour - diffuse
- capsule changes
- contour changes
+ nodular
wall definition / contour - focal
- describe the wall outline
- scan in multiple plans
wall definition - well definied
- means the same thing as well circumscribed
internal echo pattern - inadequate gains
- make things appear falsely cystic
internal echo pattern - excessive gains
- make things appear falsely solid
diffuse disease - echo texture and pattern
- echotexture
+ becomes heterogenous irregular or patchy parenchyma - echogenicity
+ becomes hyper echoic hypo echoic anechoic isoechoic
focal disease - mass legion categories
- cystic = fluid filled
- solid = tissue
- mixed or complex = fluid and tissue
simple cyst - 4 criteria
- no internal echoes (anechoic) \+ no color flow - strong back wall - POSTERIOR ENHANCEMENT - defined borders \+ round or oval shape
complex
- contains fluid and solid areas
- may display posterior shadowing and or enhancement
complex mostly cystic
- small solid nodules
- separations
- debris
complex mostly solid
- mostly solid mass with smaller cystic component
attenuation characteristics
- refers to the amount of sound passing through a structure causing an effect posterior to a structure
- ## marked (really obvious) moderate or poor
acoustic enhancement
- increased area of brightness underneath fluid resulting from lack of impedance when sound waves move through the fluid
acoustic shadowing
- absence of echoes posterior to dense material which impedes the transmission of sound
vascularity
- evaluate blood flow pattern \+ venous or arterial - use spectral color power doppler - amount of blood flow \+ increased decreased no flow - location of blood flow \+ central or peripheral
compression or displacement - diffuse
- may compress.displace adjacent organs or structures
compression or displacement - focal disease
- compress/displace adjacent organs or structures
- compress/displace vasculature affected organ
cystic diseases
- diseases that result in the formation of cysts
- true cysts (epithelial wall)
+ etiology
= congenital or age related - acquired cysts (no epithelial wall)
+ etiology
= trauma, parasites, abscesses
neoplastic disease
- abnormal tissue growth
\+ cells proliferate at a faster rate
- benign and malignant
- etiology
\+ genetics
\+ infection
\+ lifestyle
\+ environment factorsinfectious disease
- disease due to a microorganism
- etiology
+ viruses
+ bacteria
+ fungus
+ parasites
metabolic disorders
- abnormality in metabolism of substances \+ fat glycogen calcium - eitology \+ genetic \+ toxins or infection
congenital disorders
- abnormality presenting at or before birth \+ anomolies \+ malformations \+ diseases - etiology \+ genetic \+ insult or injury during development
vascular disease
- any disease causing an interference of hemodynamics
+ thrombus compressioni stenosis aneurysm - etiology
+ lifestyle
+ genesis
+ trauma
