Module 1 - Tree of Life Flashcards
Lecture 2-4
Evolution
change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over generations
single cells were:
the first organisms, prokaryotes, basic unit of life
Single-celled organisms produce…
two genetically identical cells
multicellular organisms reproduce
asexually and sexually
Producers:
use sunlight and photosynthesis to create their own food converting sunlight to chemical energy and food
Consumers:
use chemical energy from other living organisms (plants/animals)
species
group of interbreeding organisms producing fertile offspring
evolution
changing characteristics of a group over time
7 characteristics of life:
- selectively permeable barrier (cell based)
- inheritance (DNA)
- Replicate (reproduction)
- get info (perception of environment)
- power & sustain (metabolism)
- grow to maturity
- adapt and evolve (change)
microbe
organism to small to see with the naked eye
microbiome
community of microbes (like bacteria) that inhabit a particular environment
3 domains of life:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
what does a prokaryote not have
membrane-bound organelles, nucleus
all domains have distinct…
ribosomal RNA
all prokaryotic cells have:
metabolism, growth, evolution
Prokaryote Quorum Sensing
Colony forms when enough bacteria attach to one spot, signal molecules alert when the mass is big enough (quorum sensing) then bacteria break off
prokaryotes have a lot of …
metabolic diversity
mixotrophs
a nutritional opportunist, can use energy and. carbon from a variety of sources to fuel growth and reproduction
ecological importance of prokaryotes
- decompose and recycle raw materials
- producers: the photosynthetic organisms that fix our carbon
- nitrogen fixers: converts nitrogen to usable organic forms
- disease causers: some cause disease
Prokaryotic importance to humans
- antibiotic producers; help research new antibiotics
- fermeters
- mutualists: keep us healthy and asist metabolism
- bioremediators: some can eat pollutants (oil/plastic)
Eukaryotes have…
a nucleus, membrane-bound cells/nucleus
Endosymbiotic Theory
ancestral eukaryotic cell ate a prokaryote = early eukaryotic cell
evidence for the endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts:
- reproduce the same way as prokaryotes
- have similar DNA and ribosomes as prokaryotes
- have two membranes, one more similar to prokaryotes and one more similar to eukaryotes
Linnaean Classification
taxonomy/science of naming, defining and classifying groups of organism based on shared characteristics
clade/monophyletic group
a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants
synapomorphy
shared character or trait that distinguished clade from other organisms
Protista clade and its 2 categories
artificial clade, diverse group of organisms in two broad categories: Protoza (animal like) and Algae (plant like)
Protoza group
non-photosynthetic, free living or parasitic, motile
Algae group
photosynthetic, sometimes motile, commonly phytoplankton
Plants are:
multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, kingdom Plantae
seeding plants
Gymnosperms (cone bearing) and Angiosperms (flowering, seeds develop inside)
features of a plant cell: cell wall
outer layer made of cellulose, protein, polysaccharides
features of a plant cell: chloroplast
photosynthetic organelle
features of a plant cell: vacuole
prominent organelle in older plants storing water and nutrients
features of a plant cell: plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic channels through cell walls connecting the adjacent cells
flowering plant anatomy (4)
root - anchors plant
stem
leaves - photosynthetic organ
flowers - structures for sexual reproduction
Fungi
primary eukaryotic decomposers and nutrient recyclers, important food source, antibiotics, agriculture, forestry
parts of a fungi:
Mycelium - main body
Hyphae - a string of cells making up the mycelium
fruiting body - visible section for reproduction
fungi reproduction
spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction
Embryonic development with 3 primary cell layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
ectoderm
outer layer of tissues (body wall and nervous system)
Mesoderm
middle layer tissues (muscles, reproductive organs, skeleton)
endoderm
inner layer tissues (digestive system)
tissue
ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin
organ
different types of tissues (2+) that have a characteristic size and shape and have a specific function
organ system
group of organs of different types that work together to carry out functions
