Module 1 - Tree of Life

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over generations

Question 2

single cells were:

Answer 2

the first organisms, prokaryotes, basic unit of life

Question 3

Single-celled organisms produce…

Answer 3

two genetically identical cells

Question 4

multicellular organisms reproduce

Answer 4

asexually and sexually

Question 5

Producers:

Answer 5

use sunlight and photosynthesis to create their own food converting sunlight to chemical energy and food

Question 6

Consumers:

Answer 6

use chemical energy from other living organisms (plants/animals)

Question 6

species

Answer 6

group of interbreeding organisms producing fertile offspring

Question 7

evolution

Answer 7

changing characteristics of a group over time

Question 8

7 characteristics of life:

Answer 8

• selectively permeable barrier (cell based)
• inheritance (DNA)
• Replicate (reproduction)
• get info (perception of environment)
• power & sustain (metabolism)
• grow to maturity
• adapt and evolve (change)

Question 9

microbe

Answer 9

organism to small to see with the naked eye

Question 10

microbiome

Answer 10

community of microbes (like bacteria) that inhabit a particular environment

Question 11

3 domains of life:

Answer 11

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 12

what does a prokaryote not have

Answer 12

membrane-bound organelles, nucleus

Question 13

all domains have distinct…

Answer 13

ribosomal RNA

Question 14

all prokaryotic cells have:

Answer 14

metabolism, growth, evolution

Question 15

Prokaryote Quorum Sensing

Answer 15

Colony forms when enough bacteria attach to one spot, signal molecules alert when the mass is big enough (quorum sensing) then bacteria break off

Question 16

prokaryotes have a lot of …

Answer 16

metabolic diversity

Question 17

mixotrophs

Answer 17

a nutritional opportunist, can use energy and. carbon from a variety of sources to fuel growth and reproduction

Question 18

ecological importance of prokaryotes

Answer 18

• decompose and recycle raw materials
• producers: the photosynthetic organisms that fix our carbon
• nitrogen fixers: converts nitrogen to usable organic forms
• disease causers: some cause disease

Question 19

Prokaryotic importance to humans

Answer 19

• antibiotic producers; help research new antibiotics
• fermeters
• mutualists: keep us healthy and asist metabolism
• bioremediators: some can eat pollutants (oil/plastic)

Question 19

Eukaryotes have…

Answer 19

a nucleus, membrane-bound cells/nucleus

Question 20

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 20

ancestral eukaryotic cell ate a prokaryote = early eukaryotic cell

Question 20

evidence for the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 20

mitochondria and chloroplasts:
- reproduce the same way as prokaryotes
- have similar DNA and ribosomes as prokaryotes
- have two membranes, one more similar to prokaryotes and one more similar to eukaryotes

Question 21

Linnaean Classification

Answer 21

taxonomy/science of naming, defining and classifying groups of organism based on shared characteristics

Question 22

clade/monophyletic group

Answer 22

a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 23

synapomorphy

Answer 23

shared character or trait that distinguished clade from other organisms

Question 23

Protista clade and its 2 categories

Answer 23

artificial clade, diverse group of organisms in two broad categories: Protoza (animal like) and Algae (plant like)

Question 24

Protoza group

Answer 24

non-photosynthetic, free living or parasitic, motile

Question 25

Algae group

Answer 25

photosynthetic, sometimes motile, commonly phytoplankton

Question 26

Plants are:

Answer 26

multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, kingdom Plantae

Question 27

seeding plants

Answer 27

Gymnosperms (cone bearing) and Angiosperms (flowering, seeds develop inside)

Question 28

features of a plant cell: cell wall

Answer 28

outer layer made of cellulose, protein, polysaccharides

Question 29

features of a plant cell: chloroplast

Answer 29

photosynthetic organelle

Question 30

features of a plant cell: vacuole

Answer 30

prominent organelle in older plants storing water and nutrients

Question 31

features of a plant cell: plasmodesmata

Answer 31

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls connecting the adjacent cells

Question 32

flowering plant anatomy (4)

Answer 32

root - anchors plant
stem
leaves - photosynthetic organ
flowers - structures for sexual reproduction

Question 33

Fungi

Answer 33

primary eukaryotic decomposers and nutrient recyclers, important food source, antibiotics, agriculture, forestry

Question 34

parts of a fungi:

Answer 34

Mycelium - main body
Hyphae - a string of cells making up the mycelium
fruiting body - visible section for reproduction

Question 35

fungi reproduction

Answer 35

spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction

Question 36

Embryonic development with 3 primary cell layers

Answer 36

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 37

ectoderm

Answer 37

outer layer of tissues (body wall and nervous system)

Question 38

Mesoderm

Answer 38

middle layer tissues (muscles, reproductive organs, skeleton)

Question 39

endoderm

Answer 39

inner layer tissues (digestive system)

Question 40

tissue

Answer 40

ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin

Question 41

organ

Answer 41

different types of tissues (2+) that have a characteristic size and shape and have a specific function

Question 42

organ system

Answer 42

group of organs of different types that work together to carry out functions