Module 1: THE PLANT KINGDOM PART A

Question 1

Botanical Classification part A

• Plants classified by _____ / similar _____.
• Groups -> _____ groups -> _____ groups -> Single _____
• __ major groupings of organisms are “_____” :
  The _____ Kingdom & The ____ Kingdom.

Answer 1

Plants classified by groups/similar characteristics.

Groups -> Smaller Groups -> Sub Groups -> Single Plant

2 major groupings of organisms are “KINGDOMS”:
The Plant Kingdom & The Animal Kingdom

Question 2

Botanical Classification part B (groupings)

Please Don’t Call Orders For Greg, Sorry Veronica

Answer 2

All plants ÷ into PHYLA
Phyla can be ÷ into DIVISIONS
Divisions ÷ into CLASSES
Classes ÷ into ORDERS
Orders ÷ into FAMILIES
Families ÷ into GENERA
Genera ÷ into SPECIES
Species ÷ into VARIETIES (sometimes)

Question 3

Horticultural Phyla (plant phyla we’re concerned with)

Anthophyta: _____ plant. _____ bearing.

_____: produces cones. _____ seed bearing.

Pterophyta: Plants that reproduce by _____.

_____: first leaves appear in a pair of __. _____ system. Veins are ___ ____.

Monocotyledonae: first leaf appears as a _____ leaf. _____ are parallel. _____ root system.

Answer 3

Anthophyta: flowering plant, seed bearing

Coniferophyta: produces cones, naked seed bearing

Pterophyta: plants that reproduce by spores

Dicotyledonae: first leaves appear in pair of 2. Taproot system. Veins are NOT parallel

Monocotyledonae: first leaf appears as single leaf. Veins ARE parallel. Fibrous root system.

Question 4

Plant Families & Species
(distinguishing which “family” a plant belongs to)

Lamiaceae family: Foliage _____. Stalks are 4-sided / _____. Flowers have __ distinct lips. (_____)

_____ family: Leaves usually _____-shaped. Plants commonly originate in _____ region. (PHILODENDRON)

Asteraceae family: Plants have “_____” like flowers. (CHRYSANTHEMUM)

_____ family: Flowers occur in an _____ like head on a _____ stalk. (_____)

Answer 4

Lamiaceae family (lay-me-a-cee-eye): foliage perfumed. stalks 4 sided/square. flowers have 2 distint lips. (MINT)

Araceae family (ah-ray-cee-eye): leaves usually heart-shaped. plants commonly originated in tropical region. (PHILODENDRON)

Asteraceae family (ah-ster-a-cee-eye): plants have “daisy” like flowers. (CHRYSANTHEMUM)

Apiaceae family (a-pee-a-cee-eye): flowers occur in an umbrella like head on single stalk. (PARSLEY)

Question 5

What is a Hybrid, Variety, Cultivar, Sub-Species

Hybrid plant: resulted from __ _____ species _____-breeding. Parent plants almost _____ in the same Genus. Most hybrids are bred by _____.
EXAMPLE: (Eucalyptus ‘Torwood’ = Eucalyptus torquata x woodwardii)

_____ plant: plant of _____ species. Does _____ have parents from 2 different species.
EXAMPLE: (Camella japonica ‘Desire’ is a variety of Camella japonica)

Cultivar: “Cultivated variety”. A _____ of cultivated plants clearly distinguishable by certain _____. This trait must be _____ _____ to offspring (sexually or asexually) for it to be a _____ cultivar.
EXAMPLE: (seedless grapes, watermelon, tomatoes)

_____-_____: _____ occuring geographical variant of a species. Does NOT _____ for this reason.

Answer 5

Hybrid plant: resulted from 2 DIFFERENT species cross-breeding. Parent plants almost always in the SAME GENUS. Most hybrids bred by HUMAN.
EXAMPLE: (Eucalyptus ‘Torwood’ = Eucalyptus torquata x woodwardii)

Variety plant: plant of ONE SPECIES. Does NOT have parents from 2 different species.
EXAMPLE: (Camella japonica ‘Desire’ is a variety of Camella japonica)

Cultivar: “Cultivated variety”. A group of cultivated plants clearly distinguishable by certain characteristics. This trait must be passed down to offspring (sexually or asexually) for it to be a true cultivar.
EXAMPLE: (seedless grapes, watermelons, tomatoes)

Sub-Species: NATURALLY occuring geographical variant of a species. Does not interbreed for this reason.

Question 6

Botanical Keys Tips

Answer 6

Essential tool used for positive identification of a plant species.

IMPORTANT REMINDERS:
- May find specimen that hasn’t been included. in the key, but successfully matches an INCORRECT answer. Always check plant description to confirm.
- Some plant groups are quite variabe. FOR EXAMPLE: leaf may be highly variable in one particular species. It’s difficult for key to describe all specimen found.
-Carefully read both (or all) choices at each step when “keying out”
-Good idea to write down all the choices while you go, just incase you need to retrace.

Question 7

How to use a Botanical Key

Answer 7

• Most keys are DICHOTOMOUS (lists 2 choices at each step), but there are some exceptions
• Start at the beginning of the key (usually labeled “A” or “1”). Read description of the plant, if the plant fits the description, continue.
  - If the plant does NOT fit the description, go to alternative
  description (labeled “A” or “1”)
• Read the description you’ve arrived at. If the plant fits the description, continue reading directly below.
  - If the plant does NOT fit description, go to alternative
  (“A” or “1”)
• At some point you’ll arrive at a group name for the plant - this will be listed after a description. It may be a family, genus, species, or even a group. This is the group your plant belongs to.

Question 8

Characteristics of Araceae
(auh-ray-cee-aye)

The “_____” usually characterised by _____-shaped leaves, and _____ which have a single large _____-like protusion.

Answer 8

The “Aroids” usually characterised by heart-shaped leaves, and flowers which have a single large finger-like protusion

examples: (Philodendron, Anthurium, Caladium, Diffenbachia, Syngonium)

Question 9

Characteristics of Asteraceae (syn. Compositae)
(ah-ster-a-cee-aye)

The “_____” comprise a very large family of about ___ genera and __,___ species.

Flowers are a composite of _____ small flowers _____ together to appear as ___ flower.

If flower is _____ apart, you can see it made up of _____ units, each having its ___ set of _____ _____.

Some Asteraceae flowers are _____ and have only _____ floral parts.

Answer 9

The “Daisies” comprise a very large family of about 800 genera and 12,000 species.

Flowers are a composite of several small flowers fused together to appear as one flower.

If flower is pulled apart, you can see it made up of individual units, each one having its own set of floral parts.

Some Asteraceae flowers are incomplete and have only some of the floral parts.

examples: (Chrysanthemum, Lactuca (lettuce), Helianthus (sunflower), Dahlia, Zinnia, Tagetes (marigold)

Question 10

Characteristics of Lamiaceae (syn. Labiatae)
(lame-ee-ace-ee-aye)

The “_____” include around 160 _____ and _,____ species.

The stems are roughly ___-_____ (square/rectangel in cross section).

The _____ are simple and _____. Flowers are ___ _____.

Often mints can be identified by their _____ when the leaves are _____.

Answer 10

The “Mints” include around 160 genera and 3,000 species.

The stems are roughly four sided (square/rectangle in cross section).

The leaves are simple (not divided), and are whorled. Flowers are two lipped.

Often mints can be identified by their smell when the leaves are crushed.

examples: (Mentha (mint), Thymus (thyme) , Sage, Lavendula (lavender), Coleus, Rosmarinus (rosemary)).

Question 11

Characteristics of Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae)
(fab-aye-cee-aye)

Fabaceae includes around ___ genera.

The “___” or “_____” were _____ in recent years.

Splitting from the one old family, “Leguminosae”, into __ new families: “C_____”, “M_____”, and “P_____”.

Legumes are characterised by a ___-type _____.

Answer 11

Fabaceae includes around 500 genera.

The “Peas” or “Legumes” were reclassified in recent years.

Splitting from the one old family, “Leguminosae”, into three new families: Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae, and Papilionaceae.

Legumes are characterised by a pod-type fruit.

examples: (Acacia, Wisteria, Phaseolus (bean), Pisum (pea), Trifolium (clover)).

Question 12

Characteristics of Ranunculaceae
(ruh-nun-cue-lace-ee-aye)

The “_____” have about ___ genera and 1,200 _____ mainly in temperate and _____ regions.

Flower parts are _____ and _____.

Answer 12

The “Buttercups” have about 300 genera and 1,200 species mainly in temperate and arctic regions.

Flower parts are regular and hypogenous.

examples: (Delphinium, Ranunculus, Anemone, Clematis).

Question 13

Characteristics of Brassicaceae (syn. Crucifereae)
(Bra-see-kay-cee-aye)

The “Brassicas” include about ___ genera and 1,800 _____ from temperate and ___-_____ regions.

All are _____ and many are annuals.

Flowers _____, but in large numbers and therefore _____. They are complete, regular, and _____.

There are __ septals and 4 _____. There are __ _____, 4 larger than __.

Answer 13

The “Brassicas” include about 200 genera and 1,800 species from temperate and sub-arctic regions.

All are herbaceous and many are annuals.

Flowers small, but in large numbers and therefore conspicuous. They are complete, regular, and hypogenous.

There are 4 sepals and 4 petals. There are 6 stamens, four larger than 2.

examples of Brassicas: (Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, Mustard, Kale)
Ornamental genera: (Alyssum, Matthiola (stock), Nasturtium (Tropaeolum).

Question 14

Characteristics of Solanaceae
(sow-luh-nay-see-aye)

The flowers are generally __ lobed (5 petals and __ _____).

The “Solanum” fmaily includes _____, _____, eggplant, tobacco, etc.

Answer 14

The flowers are generally 5 lobed (5 petals and 5 sepals).

The “Solanum” family includes tomatoes, potato, capiscum, eggplant (aubergine), petunia, belladonna, tobacco, and weeds like Deadly Nightshade.

Question 15

Characteristics of Apiaceae (syn. Umbelliferae)
(a-pee-aye-cee-aye)

The “_____” family is characterised by _____ stems and a flower head in an _____ shape (ie. umbel).

There are __ _____ alternating with petals, and there is a large number of _____ flowers on each _____.

Answer 15

The “Parsley” family is characterised by hollow stems and a flower head in an umbrella shape (ie. umbel).

There are 5 stamens alternating with petals, and there is a large number of individual flowers on each umbel.

examples: (parsley, celery, fennel, angelica, dill).

Question 16

Characteristics of Rosaceae
(ro-sa-cee-aye)

Flowers are generally regular, and the ____ are born on a floral disc.

_____ are usually _____ or _____-like, encasing a hard seed.

The “_____” family includes a wide variety of genera commonly used in _____ horticulture.

Answer 16

Flowers are generally regular, and the parts are born on a floral disc.

Fruits are usually soft or berry like-, encasing a hard seed.

The “Rose” family includes a wide variety of genera commonly used in amenity horticulture.

Examples: (Rosa (rose), Prunus (peach, cherry, apricot, plum), Malus (apple), Trees, Shrubs, and heraceous perennials.

Question 17

Characteristics of Cucurbitaceae
(cue-cur-b-tay-cee-aye)

The “_____” include a few amenity plants.

They are more important as _____ and weeds. (examples: _____, cucumber, _____.)

They are _____ season plants with a _____ habit.

Flowers are __-_____ and often _____.

Answer 17

The “Cucurbits” include few amenity plants.

They are more important as crops and weeds (example: Pumplin, cucumber, melon.).

They are warm season plants with a creeping habit.

Flowers are 5-lobed and often monoecious (either male or female parts only).

Question 18

Characteristics of Myrtaceae
(Mur-tay-see-eye)

The “Mrytle” family is very significant among _____ and _____ plants.

Foliage has ___ glands and if _____ an aroma can be detected.

_____ on the flowers are usually _____

Answer 18

The “Mrytle” family is very significant among Australian and Asian plants.

Foliage has oil glands (seen as small faint dots on leaf) and if bruised an aroma can be detected.

Petals on the flowers usually insignificant.

Examples: (Eucalyptus, Agonis, Astartea)

Question 19

Characteristics of Proteaceae
(pro-tee-ay-see-ee)

The “Protea” family is well represented in _____ and _____ flora.

Tends to have _____ petals and dry, _____ leaves.

Seeds _____ and have a mass of _____ hairs attatched.

Answer 19

The “Protea” family is well represented in Austrailian and African flora.

Tends to have insignificant petals, dry thick leaves.

Seeds are large and have a mass of furry hairs attached.

Examples (Banksia, Dryandra)

Question 20

Characteristics of Bromeliaceae
(Bro-meel-e-ay-see-eye)

The “Bromeliads” are a group of _____ with a “___” type of growth (similar to top of a pineapple)

Commonly grown for amenity purposes in ___ either _____ or protected poistions outside.

Answer 20

The “Bromeliads” are a group of monocotyledons with a “spike” type of growth (like the top of a pineapple (the only type of crop species in this family)).

Commonly grown for amenity purposes in pots either indoors or protected positions outside.

Some grow well as epiphytes or planted in garden beds.

Question 21

Characteristics of Gesneriaceae
(Jess-neri-ay-see-eye)

The “Gesneriads” include ___ species, most of the cultivated ones being grown as _____ plants.

Leaves commonly _____ and, to a degree, _____

Flowers are normally ___ shaped.

Answer 21

The “Gesneriads” include 500 species, most of the cultivated ones being grown as indoor plants.

Leaves commonly thick and, to a degree, fleshy

Flowers are normally bell shaped.

Examples: (Saintpaulia (African Violet), Gloxinia)

Question 22

Characteristics of Orchidaceae
(Orchid-ay-see-eye)

The “Orchids” include around __,_____ species, mainly from _____ climates, but with some extending to colder regions.

Flowers are _____ and complex.

The corolla is _____. The _____ unite with the pistil to form a structure called the _____.

All forms are _____ and have _____ roots.

Answer 22

The “Orchids” include around 15,000 species, mainly from warmer climates, but with some extending to colder regions.

Flowers are showy and complex

The corolla is irregular. The stamens unite with the pistil to form a structure called the column.

All forms are perennials and have tuberous roots.

Question 23

Characteristics of Liliaceae
(Lily-ay-see-eye)

The “Lillies” include _,____ species, many being _____

Flowers have __ petals, usually _____, but sometimes fused.

The _____ is superior (sits about point where you find base of petals).

Answer 23

The “Lillies” include 2,000 species, many being bulbs.

Flowers have 6 petals, usually seperate, but sometimes fused.

The ovary is superior (sits above point where you find base of petals)

Examples: (asparagus, onions, tulips, hyacinth, day lily, aloe)

Question 24

Characteristics of Poaceae
(Poe-see-eye)

The “Grasses” include around _,____ species.

Most are _____ though a few are woody (such as _____).

Also include crop plants like _____, barely, oats.

Answer 24

The “Grasses” include around 4,500 species.

Most are herbaceous though a few are woody (such as the bamboos).

Also includes crop plants like wheat, barely, oats.

Question 25

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: PLANT LIFE CYCLES

Annual Plants: complete their entire life cycle in __ season. They grow, ___, set ___, and die in __ year.

Biennial Plants: life span carries over __ consecutive growing seasons. They grow leaves and other vegetative parts in __ season then become _____ during non growing season. In the _____ season, they flower, set seed, and die.

Perennial Plants: live for longer than __ years. They can grow, flower, set seed, _____ times over. In herbaceous perennials, the plant may _____ new _____. The stems of _____ perennials may live for many years, as ___ ____ do.

Ephemeral Plants: survive only for a few _____ and may complete _____ life cycles in __ season.

Answer 25

Annual plants complete their entire life cycle in one season. They grow, flower, set seed, and die in one year.

Biennial plants are similar, except their life span carries over 2 consecutive growing seasons. They grow leaves and other vegetative parts in one season then become dormant during non growing season. In the following growing season, they flower, set seed, and die.

Perennial plants live for longer than 3 years. They can grow, flower, and set seed many times over. In the case of many herbaceous perennials, the plant may regrow new stems. The stems of woody perennials may live for many years, as tree trunks do.

Ephemeral plants survive for only a few weeks and may complete several life cycles in one season.

Question 26

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: STAGES OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Embryonic Growth: growth and _____ of the seed within the _____ plant.

Juvenility: following _____, the plant increases in size as the cells _____ and differentiate to form ___, leaves, and roots. In many ___ plants, this stage is characterized by the plant’s _____ to form ____. Cuttings taken from plants in this phase have a ___ ability to form _____. Some plants have noticably _____ foliage at this stage.

Maturity: marked by the formation and development of _____ organs, including the _____ ___, flowers, _____, and seed. Cuttings taken from the plants in the mature phase have a _____ (or __) ability to form roots.

Senescence: the _____ of the plant due to _____ change, _____ stress, or ____ attack.

Answer 26

Embryonic Growth: growth and development of the seed within the parent plant.

Juvenility: following germination, the plant increases in size as the cells enlarge and differentiate to form stems, leaves, and roots. In many woody plants, this stage is characterized by the plant’s inability to form folowers. Cuttings taken from plants in the juvenile phase have a high ability to form adventitious roots. Some plants have noticably different foliage in this stage.

Maturity: marked by the formation and development of the sexual organs, including the flower buds, flowers, fruit, and seed. Cuttings taken from plants in the mature phase have a reduced (or no) ability to form adventitious roots.

Senescence: the decline of the plant due to physiological change (due to the decline of cell division and reproduction) or environmental stress or disease attack.

Question 27

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES

Plant cells: all living cells consist of __ parts:
1. the inside of the cell is called _____.
2. the Protoplast is then enclosed by a ___ _____.

In plant cells this membrane is usually surrounded by __-_____, ridgid covering, called the ___ _____. This is unique to plant cells and not found in _____ cells.

The Protoplast consists of _____ and a _____. Cytoplasm is bounded by a semi-_____ plasma membrane and includes an inner network of membranes called _____ _____, plus they have various _____. Plastids include _____, which contain pigment _____ and are responsible for the _____ of green plant _____.

Answer 27

Plant cells: all living cells consist of 2 parts:
1. the inside of the cell is called “Protoplast”
2. the protoplast is then enclosed by a “Cell Membrane”

In plant cells this membrane is usually surrounded by a non-living, ridgid covering, called the “Cell Wall”. This is unique to plant cells, it is not found in animal cells.

The Protoplast consists of “Cytoplasm” and a “Nucleus”. “Cytoplasm” is bounded by a semi-permeable plasma membrane and includes an inner network of membranes called the “Endoplasmic Reticulum”, plus various plastids. Plastids include “Chloroplasts”, which contain pigment chlorophyll and are responsible for the photosynthesis of green plant tissue.

Question 28

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

THE NUCLEUS: the nucleus is the _____ of the cell. All ___ have a nucleus at some stage in their life, though some cases the nucleus can _____ at some point in time. The nucleus ____ and _____ the development of the ___.

IMPORTANT POINTS:
Each cell only has one _____.

The nucleus is where the _____ _____ (genes and chromosomes) is found.

The genes occur _____ along the length of thread-like _____.

the _____ determine the ______ of the organism.

The nucleus is _____ inside a double layer ____ _____, the “nuclear _____”.

The “_____” in the _____ of the nucleus is a tiny part of the nucleus, rich in RNA and _____ (there may be more than __ nucleolus inside the nucleus).

Answer 28

THE NUCLEUS: the nucleus is the center of the cell. All cells have a nucleus at some stage of their life though some cases the nucleus can disappear at some point in time (red blood cells in animals lose their nucleus as they grow older). The nucleus controls and directs the development of the cell.

IMPORTANT POINTS:
Each cell only has one nucleus.

The nucleus is where the genetic matieral (genes and chromosomes) is found.

The genes occur scattered along the length of thread-like chromosomes.

The genes determine the characteristics of the organism.

The nucleus is enclosed inside a double layer nuclear membrane, the “nuclear envelope”.

The “Nucleolus” in the center of the nucleus is a tiny part of the nucleus rich in RNA and protein (there may be more than one nucleolus inside the nucleus.

Question 29

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

CHLOROPLASTS: these organelles contain _____ and other _____.

Answer 29

CHLOROPLASTS: These organelles contain chlorophyll and other pigments.

Question 30

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

MITOCHONDRIA: These are the organelles in which _____ occurs. Mitochondria are usually identified by their _____ or ___-like shape.

Answer 30

MITOCHONDRIA: These are the organelles in which respiration occurs. Mitochondria are usually identified by their spherical or rod-like shape.

Question 31

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

RIBOSOMES: These are small _____ containing RNA that can ___ freely in the cytoplasm. _____ are made in the ribosomes.

Answer 31

RIBOSOMES: These are small particles containing RNA (ribonucleic acid) that can float freely in the cytoplasm. Proteins are made in the ribosomes.

Question 32

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: strands or ___ of _____ cytoplasm.

Answer 32

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Strands or tubes of colorless cytoplasm.

Question 33

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS

VACUOLE: A space or _____ filled with watery cell ___, inside the _____ of a cell.

Products and by-products of the plant are _____ in the vacuole.

The vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane, the “_____”, which maintains cell ____ (rigidity).

Answer 33

VACUOLE: A space or cavity filled with watery cell sap, inside the cytoplasm of a cell.

Products and by-products of the plant are stored in the vacuole.

The vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane, the “TONOPLAST”, which maintains cell turgor (rigidity).

Question 34

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS
PLASMA MEMBRANE: a ___ membrane located inside the ___ ___ enclosing the cytoplasm.

The membrane consists of mainly ___, but, also has protein and _______ present.

Answer 34

PLASMA MEMBRANE: A thin membrane located inside the cell wall enclosing the cytoplasm.

The membrane consists mainly of lipids, but, also has protein and carbohydrates present.

Question 35

Plant Growth and Life Cycles: CELL COMPONENTS
THE CELL WALL: This _____ the inside of the cell and, in some tissues (particularly wood and bark), the cell wall provides most of the _____ or _______ support to the cell.

The cell wall is not _____, but it can stretch and _____ and is strong. It is made up of_____ together with pectic material and lignin. _____ provides strength. _____ is a complex carbohydrate (can be purified and used to make ____).

Within tissue, individual cells are connected by strands of _____ that extends through ____ (PLASMODESTMATA) in the cell walls.

Answer 35

THE CELL WALL: This protects the inside of the cell and, in some tissues (particularly wood and bark), the cell wall provides most of the strength or structural support to the cell.

The cell wall is not alive, but it can stretch and contract and is strong. It is made up of cellulose together with pectic material and lignin. Lignin provides strength. Pectin is a complex carbohydrate (it can be purified and used to make jelly).

Within a tissue, individual cells are connected by strands of cytoplasm that extends through pores (PLASMODESTMATA) in the cell walls.