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BIO 315 - Microbiology > Module 1 - The Microbial World > Flashcards

Module 1 - The Microbial World Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Microbiology

A

The study of microbes

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2
Q

Define microbes

A

Forms of life too small to be seen with the naked eye

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3
Q

Smallest units of life

A

Cells

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4
Q

6 Characteristics of life

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
  4. Genetic Variation
  5. Response to external stimuli/adaptation to external environment
  6. Homeostasis
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5
Q

Define Metabolism

A

A controlled set of chemical reactions that extract energy and nutrients from the environment and transform them into new biological systems

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6
Q

Define Growth

A

An increase in the mass of a biological material

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7
Q

Define Genetic Variation

A

Allows the possibility of evolution, or inherited change within a population, through natural selection over the course of multiple generations

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8
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Active regulation of their external environment to maintain relative constancy

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9
Q

Cells are built from …

A

Macromolecules

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10
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

Large, complex molecules composed of simpler subunits

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11
Q

4 Types of Macromolecules in order (largest, smallest)

A
  1. Polypeptides
  2. Nucleic Acids
  3. Lipids
  4. Polysaccharides
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12
Q

Define Polypeptides

A

Polymers of amino acids; most abundant class of macromolecules

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13
Q

What are polypeptides referred to as? What are the main functions? Examples?

A

Proteins

  • Some functions are enzymes: help catalyze chemical reactions within the cell
  • Other proteins facilitate the movement of material into/out of the cell
  • Comprise structures called microfilaments
  • FtsZ, Flagellin
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14
Q

What is the function of microfilaments? Which macromolecule are microfilaments involved with?

A
  • Facilitate cell movement

- Polypeptides

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15
Q

What does polymers of nucleotides acids include?

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Define Nucleic Acids

A
  • Polymers of nucleotides
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17
Q

What are individual nucleotides composed of?

A
  • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, and ribose in RNA)
  • A phosphate moiety
  • One of the four nitrogen-containing bases (A,T,C,G in DNA/ A,U,C,G in RNA)
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18
Q

Define Lipids. What is the function?

A
  • Hydrophobic hydrocarbon molecules
  • Forms the foundation to the plasma membrane
  • Prevents the products of metabolism from escaping
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19
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides, or sugars

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20
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

A
  • Serves as energy storage molecules (glycogen and starch)

- Others serve as structural molecules (chitin and cellulose)

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21
Q

What are the structural polysaccharides and their functions?

A
  • Cellulose: primary structural component of plant cell walls and a polymer of glucose monomers
  • Chitin: primary structural component of fungal cell walls
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22
Q

What kind of macromolecule is RNA polymerase? Where is it located. What is the function?

A
  • Polypeptide
  • Cytoplasm of bacteria and archaea, nucleus of eukarya
  • Produces RNA molecules from DNA template
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23
Q

What kind of macromolecule is glycogen phosphorylase? Where is it located? What is the function?

A
  • Polypeptide
  • Cytoplasm
  • Converts glycogen into glucose monomers
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24
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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25
Q

What were the original two categories of life?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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26
Q

What kind of macromolecule is K+ channel?

A

Polypeptide

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27
Q

What is the direction of movement in Passive Transport?

A

High concentration to low concentration

When you’re passive your end energy is low

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28
Q

Where is the K+ channel located?

A

Plasma membrane

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29
Q

What is the function of the K+ channel?

A

Passive transport of K+ across the membrane, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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30
Q

Where is it Glycogen phosphorylase located?

A

Cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is the function of Glycogen phosphorylase?

A

Conversion of glycogen into glucose monomers

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32
Q

Where is RNA Polymerase located?

A

Cytoplasm of bacteria and archaea, nucleus of eukarya

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33
Q

What is the function of RNA Polymerase?

A

Produces RNA molecules from DNA template

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34
Q

Where is NA+ /K+ ATPase located?

A

Plasma membrane

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35
Q

What it the function of NA+ /K+ ATPase?

A

Active transport of Na+ and K+ across the membrane, from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

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36
Q

What is the direction of movement in Active Transport?

A

Low concentration to high concentration

When you’re active your end energy is high

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37
Q

Define Flagellin

A

Monomers polymerize to form flagellum

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38
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

Aids in bacterial mobility

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39
Q

Where is flagellin located?

A

Bacterial flagellum

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40
Q

Where is FtsZ located?

A

Plasma membrane of bacteria?

41
Q

What kind of macromolecule is FtsZ associated with?

A

Polypeptides

42
Q

What is the function of FtsZ?

A

Key component of cell division

43
Q

What kind of DNA molecule do prokaryotes contain?

A

Singular chromosomal DNA molecule

44
Q

What kind of DNA molecules do Eukaryotes contain?

A

Multiple linear DNA molecules

45
Q

Have a single copy (n) of their genetic material?

A

Prokaryotes

46
Q

Have two copies (2n) of their genetic material?

A

Eukaryotes

47
Q

What cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryoyes

48
Q

What cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

49
Q

What cells include organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Prokaryotes

50
Q

What cells include organisms in the domain Eukarya?

A

Eukaryotes

51
Q

Another word for evolutionary history of organisms?

A

Phylogeny

52
Q

Which of the three domains always has a cell wall, but the other two vary?

A

Bacteria

53
Q

Which two domains have histones?

A

Archaea and Eukarya

54
Q

RNA polymerases in Bacteria?

A

Single polymerase

55
Q

RNA polymerases in Archaea

A

Single polymerase, Eukaryal-like RNA pol II

56
Q

RNA polymerases in Eukarya

A

Three main polymerases, (RNA, pol 1, II, and III)

57
Q

Which domain lacks histones but has a histone-like proteins?

A

Bacteria

58
Q

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

A

Storage of genetic information

59
Q

What are the subunits for Polysaccharides?

A

Sugars

60
Q

What are the subunits for Polypeptides?

A

Amino Acids

61
Q

What are two of the most-studied microbial model organisms?

A
  • Bacterium Escherichia coli

- Eukarya Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

62
Q

What are the advantages of microbes?

A
  • Easily cultivated in the lab
  • Facilitate the production of enzymes
  • Can be genetically manipulated
  • Industrial and medial uses
63
Q

What are the three domains of life based on?

A
  • Differences in the sequence of nucleotides

- Cell membrane lipid structure

64
Q

How was the phylogenetic tree of life created?

A

Sequence similarity of the SSU rRNA gene

65
Q

Are viruses living? Why?

A

Yes and no; depends on host cells
- An isolated virus has no metabolism, takes up no nutrients, and extracts no energy from its environment
-

66
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • Does not grow and reproduce in the same way cellular organisms do
  • Virus particles disassemble in the host cell
  • They only assemble after the genetic information has been replicated and the host cell has synthesized new viral proteins
67
Q

Early conditions and atmosphere of the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years ago; hot and sterile place

68
Q

When did oceans form and how?

A

4 ybp; once the crust and atmosphere had cooled sufficiently for liquid water to condense

69
Q

What bacteria is responsible for the eventual oxygenating of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Cyanobacteria

70
Q

Define cyanobacteria

A

Oxygen-releasing photosynthetic bacteria

71
Q

What did the Miller-Urey experiment envision?

A

An early earth where organic molecules accumulated in the oceans
- Spontaneous generation

72
Q

How did the Miller-Urey experiment describe Earth’s oceans?

A

“Prebiotic soup”

73
Q

Define endosymbiotic theory

A

Two of the most distinctive organelles in eukaryal cells are derived from bacterial dells

74
Q

Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA

- Lead to algae and plant development

75
Q

Role of iron-containing surfaces

A

Life evolved with positively charged surface with affinity for organic compounds. Many enzymes (DNA polymerases) require bound metals for activity

76
Q

From what did RNA come from? What is the name of this hypothesis? Which man is related to this hypothesis?

A

Carl Woese and others; suggested that information was initially stored in RNA molecules rather than DNA; RNA world
- Served as two functions: primary informational molecule AND catalyzing important reactions

77
Q

Define Ribozymes

A

RNA molecule that can catalyze chemical reactions much life the protein-based enzymes

78
Q

Define micelles

A

Spherical units with polar surfaces and non-polar cores; bilayer membranes that close back upon themselves to form a sealed compartment

79
Q

Why did cells evolve to store their genetic information in DNA rather than in RNA?

A
  • DNA is more stable than RNA

- ‘Backup copy’ of the genetic information

80
Q

Why did organisms develop aerobic respiration?

A

Allows cells to generate much more ATP from

pyruvate

81
Q

Define pyruvate

A

Output of metabolism of glucose

82
Q

What was considered to be the cause of diseases before the 19th century?

A

Angry gods to bad air

83
Q

Anton Van Leeuvenhoek

A

1600s

- Uses microscopes to see microorganisms

84
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1860s

  • Disproves the idea of spontaneous generation
  • Swan-necked flasks
85
Q

Joseph Lister

A

1860s

- Discovered the value of cleanliness and disinfection measures in reducing mortality rates

86
Q

Robert Koch

A

1876

  • Demonstrated that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease
  • Bacillus anthracis as a cause of anthrax
87
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

1928

- Discovers penicillin

88
Q

Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin

A

1950s

- Develop poliovirus vaccines

89
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

1966

- Proposes endosymbiotic theory

90
Q

Kary Mullis

A

1983

  • Invents PCR
  • Mirrors the process of DNA replication
91
Q

Carl Woese

A

1990

- Proposes three-domain classification of living organisms

92
Q

Craig Venter

A

1995

- Published first complete bacterial genome sequence

93
Q

What are the energy storing polysaccharides?

A

Starch and glycogen

94
Q

Why is the term “prokaryote” considered outdated?

A

Carl Woese and other microbiologists noted that the molecular machinery of prokaryotes resembled that of eukaryotes more than it did other prokaryotes

95
Q

How was the phylogenetic tree of life created?

A

Comparison of SSU rRNA sequences from diverse organisms

- Previously accepted five kingdoms, now the tree supports three primary branches of life

96
Q

When is a virus considered living?

A
  • When it invades the host cell

- Before that, it is incapable of life processes

97
Q

How can bacterial infections be treated?

A
  • Improvements in personal hygiene
  • Public sanitation
  • Food and water safety
  • Pasteurization
98
Q

What is the process in which milk is heated briefly to kill most microorganisms?

A

Pasteurization

BIO 315 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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