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Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 > Module 1: The Language of Anatomy, Anatomical Position and Body Cavities > Flashcards

Module 1: The Language of Anatomy, Anatomical Position and Body Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What position is toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)?

A

Superior (cranial)

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2
Q

What position is away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

A

Inferior (caudal)

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3
Q

What position is toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

A

Ventral (anterior)

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4
Q

What position is toward or at the back of the body (behind)

A

Dorsal (posterior)

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5
Q

What position is toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

A

Medial

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6
Q

What is away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)

A

Lateral

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7
Q

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

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8
Q

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

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9
Q

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Distal

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10
Q

Toward or at the body surface

A

Superficial (External)

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11
Q

Away from the body surface (more internal)

A

Deep (Internal)

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12
Q

Explanation of anatomical terms, in pairs:

A 
Superior (Crainial) / Inferior (Caudal)
Anterior (Ventral) / Posterior (Dorsal)
Proximal / Distal
Medial / Lateral / Intermediate
Superficial / Deep
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13
Q

For example, you could say, “the cranium is _____ to the spine “ or “the spine is ______ to the cranium.”

A

For example, you could say, “the cranium is SUPERIOR to the spine “ or “the spine is INFERIOR to the cranium.”

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14
Q

Explanation of anatomical terms, in pairs: Ventral (anterior) / ______ ( )?

A

Dorsal (posterior)

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15
Q

In pairs: Superior (crainial) / ______ ( ).

A

Inferior (caudal)

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16
Q

Action Terms: Body Movements - Marker for next bunch of words

A

marker for next bunch of words

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17
Q

What action term: closing of a joint, “bending”

A

Flexion

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18
Q

Opening of a joint, “straightening”

A

Extension

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19
Q

Pairs of action terms: Flexion and _____

A

Extension

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20
Q

Movement away from midline

A

Abduction

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21
Q

Movement towards midline

A

Adduction

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22
Q

Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)

A

Dorsiflexion

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23
Q

Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)

A

Plantarflexion

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24
Q

Word pair: Dorsiflexion and ______

A

Plantarflexion

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25
Q

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

A

Radial Deviation

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26
Q

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

A

Ulnar Deviation

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27
Q

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

A

Pronation

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28
Q

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Note: Hands are supinated in anatomical position.

A

Supination

29
Q

upward movement of a structure

A

Elevation

30
Q

downward movement of a structure

A

Depression

31
Q

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

A

Retraction

32
Q

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

A

Protraction

33
Q

What is Anatomical position?

A

is the reference point of a standard body position

34
Q

What does the body look like in anatomical position?

A
  • the body is vertical with feet slightly apart. It looks like someone who is standing at attention.
  • the palms of the hands face forward (in supination), and the thumbs point away from the body.
  • the palms face forward in anatomical position so that the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna) are uncrossed.
35
Q

Understanding anatomical position is very important because why?

A

because the directional terms used in anatomy and physiology refer to the body as though it is in this position.

Anatomical position and directional terms enable us to explain where one body part is in relation to another.

36
Q

remember that the terms right and left refer to those sides of the body (or patient) being viewed not those of the observer. As the observer, it is opposite of your own left and right.

A

remember that the terms right and left refer to those sides of the body (or patient) being viewed not those of the observer. As the observer, it is opposite of your own left and right.

37
Q

If we use anatomical verbiage, we would say that the ears are ______ to the nose.

A

the ears are lateral to the nose

38
Q

The body can be divided into two regional terms. What are they?

A

the axial and the appendicular parts of the body

39
Q

The axial part of the body makes up the axis of the body and includes what?

A

head, neck and trunk

40
Q

The appendicular part of the body consists of the _________ or limbs that are attached to the ______ of the body as well as the pelvic and pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.

A

appendages

axis

41
Q

The body can also be divided into sections, or ______

A

planes

42
Q

These body’s sections (or planes) are known as: _____, and ______, and _______ planes, which lie at right angles to one another.

A

sagittal
frontal
transverse

43
Q

A section is named for the plane along which it can be cut. A cut along a sagittal plane results in a sagittal section. A sagittal plane is a ______ plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

A

vertical plane

44
Q

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is known as the

A

median plane or midsagittal plane

45
Q

Frontal planes lie vertically. Frontal planes divide the body into _____ and ______ sections. A frontal plane is also called a _____ plane.

A

anterior and posterior sections. A frontal plane is also called a coronal plane.

46
Q

Which plane is also known as a horizontal plane?

A

a transverse plane.

47
Q

Which direction does the transverse plane run and how does it divide the body?

A

Transverse plane runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

48
Q

A transverse section of the body is called a _____

A

a cross-section

49
Q

What are the names of the sections that are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes?

A

Oblique sections

50
Q

Anatomy and physiology also describe two sets of body cavities known as ___ and ____ body cavities.
These cavities provide protection to the organs housed within them.

A

Dorsal and Ventral body cavaties

51
Q

What does the dorsal cavity primarily protect?

A

The dorsal cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile.

52
Q

What are the names of the two cavities within the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and Spinal Cavities

53
Q

Where is the cranial cavity located and what does it house?

A

The cranial cavity sits in the skull and houses the brain.

54
Q

Where is the vertebral (or spinal cavity) located and what does it hold?

A

The vertebral or spinal cavity runs within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.The spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, and the cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with each other, without any separation.

55
Q

The ventral body cavity is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. Within the ventral cavity are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The ventral cavity houses the visceral organs.

A

The ventral body cavity is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. Within the ventral cavity are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The ventral cavity houses the visceral organs.

56
Q

The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest. The thoracic cavity is further divided into the lateral pleural cavities, which each contain a lung, and the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the esophagus and trachea. The pericardial cavity also contains what is called the mediastinum.

A

The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest. The thoracic cavity is further divided into the lateral pleural cavities, which each contain a lung, and the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial cavity also encloses the thoracic organs, which are the esophagus and trachea. The pericardial cavity also contains what is called the mediastinum.

57
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism

A

The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism

58
Q

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (above) from the abdominopelvic cavity (below)

A

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (above) from the abdominopelvic cavity (below)

59
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. The superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.

A

The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. The superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.

60
Q

The pelvic cavity (Figure 1.35) lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum. The organs of the abdominal cavity are very vulnerable to injury because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection. The bony pelvis provides more protection for the pelvic organs.

A

The pelvic cavity (Figure 1.35) lies in the bony pelvis and houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum. The organs of the abdominal cavity are very vulnerable to injury because the walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection. The bony pelvis provides more protection for the pelvic organs.

61
Q

The walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs are covered by a serous membrane called the serosa. The serosa is lubricated by serous fluid that is secreted by the membrane itself. This fluid reduces the friction between the organs as they slide around. You may not think of organs moving around, but the stomach twists and turns during digestion. While the heart pumps, it moves around quite a bit. These serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and cover.

For example, the parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart. The parietal pleurae line the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs. The parietal peritoneum covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

The walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs are covered by a serous membrane called the serosa. The serosa is lubricated by serous fluid that is secreted by the membrane itself. This fluid reduces the friction between the organs as they slide around. You may not think of organs moving around, but the stomach twists and turns during digestion. While the heart pumps, it moves around quite a bit. These serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and cover.

For example, the parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart. The parietal pleurae line the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs. The parietal peritoneum covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.

62
Q

When the serous membranes are inflamed, they become rough instead of smooth, and the organs will now stick together as they try to slide past one another. This causes great pain in patients. An example of this inflammation is pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the pleurae.

A

When the serous membranes are inflamed, they become rough instead of smooth, and the organs will now stick together as they try to slide past one another. This causes great pain in patients. An example of this inflammation is pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the pleurae.

63
Q

Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants (Figure 1.36) help us narrow down this large area when looking at disease in a patient. The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants. Name them.

A transverse and median plane pass through the quadrants.

A

The abdominopelvic region can be divided into a right-upper quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.

64
Q

A transverse and median plane pass through the quadrants. The quadrants can even be further divided into nine planes. The umbilical region surrounds the navel, the umbilical region. The epigastric region is above or superior to the umbilical region. The hypogastric region is located below, or inferior to, the umbilical region. The right and left iliac, or hypogastric regions, are located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. The iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone. The right and left lumbar regions lie beside or lateral to the umbilical region. The right and left hypochondriac regions lie lateral to the epigastric region. The right and left hypochondriac regions lie beside the epigastric region.

A

A transverse and median plane pass through the quadrants. The quadrants can even be further divided into nine planes. The umbilical region surrounds the navel, the umbilical region. The epigastric region is above or superior to the umbilical region. The hypogastric region is located below, or inferior to, the umbilical region. The right and left iliac, or hypogastric regions, are located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. The iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone. The right and left lumbar regions lie beside or lateral to the umbilical region. The right and left hypochondriac regions lie lateral to the epigastric region. The right and left hypochondriac regions lie beside the epigastric region.

65
Q

There are also other body cavities that will be discussed throughout this course. The oral cavity contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue (Figure 1.37). This cavity is continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus. Another cavity we will discuss is the nasal cavity (Figure 1.37), which is located within and posterior to the nose. The nasal cavity is part of the respiratory tract.

A

There are also other body cavities that will be discussed throughout this course. The oral cavity contains the mouth, teeth, and tongue (Figure 1.37). This cavity is continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus. Another cavity we will discuss is the nasal cavity (Figure 1.37), which is located within and posterior to the nose. The nasal cavity is part of the respiratory tract.

66
Q

The orbital cavities in the skull house the eyes

A

The orbital cavities in the skull house the eyes

67
Q

The middle ear cavities (Figure 1.39) are in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear.

A

The middle ear cavities (Figure 1.39) are in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear.

68
Q

The synovial cavities are the joint cavities. They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body. Examples are the elbow (Figure 1.40) and knee joints. These synovial cavities make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction as the bones move across one another.

A

The synovial cavities are the joint cavities. They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body. Examples are the elbow (Figure 1.40) and knee joints. These synovial cavities make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction as the bones move across one another.

Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 (5 decks)

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