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psy 253 > Module 1 - The Brain > Flashcards

Module 1 - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

parts of a neuron

A
  1. dendrites: receive information from other cells in the form of neurotransmitters
  2. soma: cell body
  3. axon: long, thin fibre
  4. myelin sheath: insulating layer
  5. terminal buttons: release neurotransmitters
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2
Q

what is the function of myelin?

A

insulates the neuron and allows for faster conduction of neurotransmitters along the axon

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3
Q

what is long-term potentiation?

A
  • “neurons that fire together wire together”

- results in an increase in dendrite receptors, postsynaptic sensitivity, and a number of synaptic vesicles

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4
Q

what are the roles of glutamate and NMDA receptors in long-term potentiation?

A
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5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

PNS

  • all of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
  • sensory and motor functions
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system vs somatic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system: automatic, involuntary muscle movement and functioning
somatic nervous system: sensation and voluntary movement

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7
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • the brain and spinal cord
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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8
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A
  • way of measuring electrical changes in the brain
  • high temporal resolution
  • poor spatial resolution
  • non-invasive
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9
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A
  • multiple x-rays
  • high spatial resolution
  • still images - not showing function
  • uses a fairly large amount of radiation
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10
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • radioactively tagged contrast, picked up on x-rays
  • measures blood flow
  • high spatial resolution
  • poor temporal resolution
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11
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A
  • measures blood flow
  • high spatial resolution
  • poor to moderate temporal resolution
  • can’t be used on people with ferrous metal in their body
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12
Q

Lesions

A
  • destruction of a part of the brain (either controlled or accidental)
  • invasive and permanent
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13
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • temporary virtual lesions
  • uses a magnetic field that changes the activity of the underlying neurons
  • only used for the outmost layer of the brain
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14
Q

electrical stimulation

A
  • treatment for epilepsy

- has mapped many functions of the brain

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15
Q

what do dissociations play an important role in?

A

determining how two functions are related

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16
Q

what are the components of the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
  • pons
  • reticular formation
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17
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A
  • fine muscle movement

- balance

18
Q

functions of the medulla

A
  • blood circulation
  • breathing
  • muscle tone
  • reflexes (sneezing, coughing, salivating)
19
Q

functions of the pons

A
  • sleep

- arousal

20
Q

functions of the reticular formation

A
  • sleep

- arousal

21
Q

location of the midbrain

A

part of the brain stem, above the hindbrain

22
Q

functions of the midbrain

A
  • reflexive behaviours
23
Q

components of the midbrain and their functions

A
  • superior and inferior colliculi (integrating sensory processes)
  • substantia nigra (releases dopamine)
24
Q

what are the components of the forebrain?

A
  • limbic system
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
25
Q

functions of the thalamus

A
  • relay station for sensory information

- integration of sensory information

26
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • control of autonomic nervous system

- regulation of basic biological drives (fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating)

27
Q

functions of the basal ganglia

A
  • smooth, coordinated movement

- associative learning

28
Q

functions of the limbic system

A
  • regulation of emotion, memory, and motivation
29
Q

functions of the amygdala

A
  • basic emotional responses (fear, happiness, etc)
  • emotional learning
  • aggressive behaviour
30
Q

functions of the hippocampus

A
  • formation and consolidation of memories
31
Q

functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • learning
  • remembering
  • thinking
  • consciousness
32
Q

function of the corpus callosum

A

connects the left and right hemispheres

33
Q

what is the left hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • verbal processing
  • speech
  • reading
  • writing
34
Q

what is the right hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • nonverbal processing
  • spatial tasks
  • music
  • visual recognition
35
Q

hemispheric asymmetry

A
  • right hemisphere is heavier and longer

- left hemisphere’s cortex is thicker

36
Q

functions of the primary visual cortex

A
  • receives input from the thalamus

- processes, projects to other regions of the occipital lobe

37
Q

function of the dorsal stream in the primary visual cortex

A

guidance of movement

38
Q

function of the ventral stream in the primary visual cortex

A

object perception

39
Q

functions of the parietal lobe

A
  • spatial relationships

- object recognition

40
Q

functions of the temporal lobe

A
  • auditory processing

- language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area)

41
Q

what are the components of the frontal lobe?

A
  • prefrontal cortex (higher-order functions and executive control)
  • primary motor cortex
  • Broca’s Area

psy 253 (20 decks)

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