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MEDL 385 Special Stains > Module 1: Staining terms > Flashcards

Module 1: Staining terms Flashcards

1
Q

Natural dye derived from Heartwood of logwood tree and is used for nuclear staining

A

Hematoxylin

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2
Q

Natural dye derived from Cochineal bug and is used for glycogen staining

A

Carmine

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3
Q

Natural dye derived from Dried stigmus of crocus flower extracted at 56DegC and is used for collagen staining

A

Saffron

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4
Q

Natural dye derived from Derived from Lichens and is used for elastic fiber staining

A

Orcein

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5
Q

Natural dye derived from derived from lichens and is used as a pH indicator

A

Litmus

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6
Q

Synthetic dyes

A
  • Usually derivatives of benzene
    • colorless in visible spectrum so needs to be altered to absorb light in visible spectrum by addition of elements to benzene ring (chromophores)
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7
Q

Chromophore

A

The more chromophore, the more intense the color
Easily reduced due to affinity for hydrogen
Most common groups are Quioninoid, Nitro and Azo

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8
Q

Chromagen

A

Benzene + chromophore

  • not a dye, no affinity for fibers or tissues
  • ionizing group (auzochrome) is added to provide affinity
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9
Q

Auxochrome

A
  • allows chromagen to ionize and link with tissue structure
  • attached to chromophore portion of dye molecule
  • enable chromgen to attach itself to tissue substances of opposite charge OR act as color modifier
  • Can have acidic or basic charges when they ionize
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10
Q

Acidic auxochromes

A

COOH (carboxyl) ionizes to COO-
OH (hydroxyl) ionzes to O- (phenolic-associated with aromatic ring)
SO3H (sulphonic) ionizes to SO3- (not a true auxo, needs another one present to be functional)

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11
Q

Basic auxochromes

A

NH2 (amino)

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12
Q

total dye complex (benzene + chromophore + auxochrome =)

A

auxochromophoric system

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13
Q

auxochrome actions

A
  • Amine, carboxyl and phenolic are FUNCTIONAL
  • Sulphonic is salt forming group that strongly acidic and isn’t able to form union with tissue alone. Makes dye soluble in water and changes cationic dye to an anionic dye
  • If both acid and base auxochromes are present, amine predominates over carboxyl and hydroxyl (but weakened)
  • Sulphonic group predominates over amine groups
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14
Q

Modifiers

A

chemical end groups that alfter color or intensity of dye (Ex. methyl, aryl, ethyl)

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15
Q

Chemical classification of dyes by Charge

A

Acidic/anionic dyes
Basic/cationic dyes
Neutral dyes
Amphoteric dyes

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16
Q

Chemical classification of dyes by Charge: Acidic/anionic dyes

A

net negative charge on chromagen.
Salt of sodium
Act as acid in solution
Attaches to basic tissue groups (acidiphilic tissues)

17
Q

Chemical classification of dyes by Charge: Basic/cationic dyes

A

Net positive charge
Salt of chloride
Act as base in solution
Attaches to basophilic tissues

18
Q

Chemical classification of dyes by Charge: Neutral dyes

A

Both sodium and chloride salt are mixed.

Soluble in alcohol, but rarely in water

19
Q

Chemical classification of dyes by Charge: Amphoteric dyes

A

Cationic below a certain pH (isoelectric point) and anionic above it.
When dye is in acid solution, it behaves as a basic dye, and vice versa.

20
Q

Acidic tissue components

A

RNA
DNA
Cartilage matrix
Many mucus secretions

  • basophilic tissue (affinity for basic stain)
  • anionic/acidic charge (-)
21
Q

Basic tissue components

A

Collagen
RBC cytoplasm
Granules of eosinophilic leukocytes

Acidophilic tissue (affinity for acid stain)
-cationic/basic charge (+)
22
Q

Amphoteric tissue components

A

Cytoplasm of most cells
Contractile elements of muscle

  • decreased pH make net charge (+)
  • increased pH make net charge (-)
23
Q

Neutrophilic tissues components

A

Neutrophilic granules of leukocytes

-Structures with affinity for neutral or compound stain as complete or nonionized molecule

24
Q

Dye Nomenclature (CSMLS)

A

capitalize first letter of all proper names and letter shade designation

25
Q

QC for dyes and dye solutions

A
  • Mark with date of receipt and store in cool place away from light in airtight container
  • In solid form, will keep for years
  • QV slides must be checked before sending to pathologist
26
Q

Stain prep

A
  • ensure color index #, dye lot#, and purity on label match whats required for method
  • note conditions (pH, temp) and storage conditions
  • Some dyes require certain solvents
  • Mark stain with name, date, initials
27
Q

Storage and reuse of dyes

A

store RT, away from light in airtight container

-Discard once shows precipitate or gives poor staining results

28
Q

Stains requiring refrigeration

A 
Schiffs reagent
Bests' carmine
Aldehyde fuschion
Methyl green
Azocarmine
Stock solutions of methenamine silver nitrate

MEDL 385 Special Stains (7 decks)

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